scholarly journals What Do Nongovernmental Organizations Do?

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Werker ◽  
Faisal Z Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
International Development ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
New Product ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Development Ngos

Nongovernmental organizations are one group of players who are active in the efforts of international development and increasing the welfare of poor people in poor countries. Nongovernmental organizations are largely staffed by altruistic employees and volunteers working towards ideological, rather than financial, ends. Their founders are often intense, creative individuals who sometimes come up with a new product to deliver or a better way to deliver existing goods and services. They are funded by donors, many of them poor or anonymous. Yet these attributes should not be unfamiliar to economists. Development NGOs, like domestic nonprofits, can be understood in the framework of not-for-profit contracting. It is easy to conjure up a glowing vision of how the efforts of NGOs could focus on problem solving without getting bogged down in corruption or bureaucracy. But the strengths of the NGO model have some corresponding weaknesses—in agenda setting, decision making, and resource allocation. We highlight three factors in explaining the increased presence of NGOs in the last few decades: a trend towards more outsourcing of government services; new ventures by would-be not-for-profit “entrepreneurs”; and the increasing professionalization of existing NGOs.

scholarly journals Institutional and Government Markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Pratap Chandra Mandal
Keyword(s):  
For Profit ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Long Run ◽  
General Welfare ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Online Buying ◽  
Formal Procedures

Institutional and government markets constitute not-for-profit market with the main objective of general welfare of people. Such markets are characterized by low budgets and captive patrons. Companies serving institutional markets establish and maintain separate departments to meet the specific requirements. Governments are the major and bulk buyers of goods and services in all countries. Government organizations, appointed by governments, have specified procedures which suppliers should follow. Suppliers experience a number of issues while dealing with government organizations. Suppliers require following formal procedures. The procedures may be time-consuming and suppliers may face bureaucracy. Governments adopt digital measures and adopt online buying to streamline the processes, to shorten the time required, and to overcome a number of hurdles. Companies dealing with institutional and government markets should be aware about all these aspects to succeed in the long run and also contribute to the growth of institutional and government markets.

scholarly journals Institutional and Government Markets–Strategies and Initiatives in the Digital Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Digital Age ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Long Run ◽  
General Welfare ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Online Buying ◽  
Formal Procedures

Institutional and government markets constitute not-for-profit market with the main objective of general welfare of people. Such markets are characterized by low budgets and captive patrons. Companies serving institutional markets establish and maintain separate departments to meet the specific requirements. Governments are the major and bulk buyers of goods and services in all countries. Government organizations, appointed by governments, have specified procedures which suppliers should follow. Suppliers experience a number of issues while dealing with government organizations. Suppliers require following formal procedures. The procedures may be time-consuming and suppliers may face bureaucracy. Governments adopt digital measures and adopt online buying to streamline the processes, to shorten the time required, and to overcome a number of hurdles. Companies dealing with institutional and government markets should be aware about all these aspects to succeed in the long run and also contribute to the growth of institutional and government markets.

EU fiscal policy effectiveness can be better shown

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Purchasing Power Parities

Significance Measures of AIC per capita at purchasing power parities (PPS) show goods and services consumed by households and individuals, an indication of their material welfare. Some of the EU-11 were by this measure on a par with southern Europe, but five have AIC levels well below the EU average. Impacts Governments will continue to measure their success both by GDP growth but also by reducing poverty and inequality. AIC measures have significant potential as a tool for fine-tuning regional and cohesion policies. More detailed data could clarify which parts of government and not-for-profit spending affect households most. Current geographical hierarchies within the EU may be shifting.

The Methodist Hospital System: Tax Exemption and Charitable Responsibilities of Not-for-Profit Hospitals

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig E. Bain ◽  
Alan I. Blankley ◽  
Dana A. Forgione
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Charity Care ◽  
Hospital System ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tax Exempt

In November 1990, the Texas Attorney General filed a lawsuit against The Methodist Hospital System, alleging that it had failed in its duty to provide enough charity care to poor people. The state claimed that the hospital provided significantly less charity care than the hospital reported; it then filed the suit in an effort to require specific performance—that is, to compel the hospital to provide greater amounts of charity care in the future. The case focuses on the amount of charity care provided before the suit, the economic value of the tax exemption provided to the hospital because it is a not-for-profit (NFP) hospital, and the responsibilities of the hospital given the expectations of society. The case also brings into sharp relief the value of having tax-exempt status and the social and political expectations that accompany the exemption. In addition, the case raises ethical questions concerning these issues, as well as issues involving the financial reporting of the entity and management perquisites.

scholarly journals Conceptual Framework for Explorations of the Collaborative Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-634
Author(s):  
Filip Majetić
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
On Line

This paper aims to establish a comprehensive and easily operationalizable conceptual framework for explorations of the collaborative economy (CE). While the phenomenon has attracted increasing attention among businesses, customers, politicians/regulators, and researchers, a widely accepted conceptualization still does not exist. In the present study the CE accommodates for-profit and/or not-for-profit exchange of products that are: a) temporarily provided to others (i.e. shared) by their owners when the assets are under-utilized; b) shared occasionally i.e. up to a certain extent; c) shared by amateurs/ non-professionals when having a professional license is mandatory; and d) shared via on-line platforms. If all the requirements are (simultaneously) fulfilled, shared products embrace both goods and services and sharing providers embrace both individuals (e.g., P2P) and organizations (e.g., B2P). The proposed framework is discussed in the context of the CE key "surrounding" concepts – the on-demand economy, gig economy, second-hand & circular economy, and rental economy.

scholarly journals Legitimation of Social Enterprises as Hybrid Organizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Hoon Park ◽  
Zong-Tae Bae
Keyword(s):  
New Ventures ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Hybrid Form ◽  
Hybrid Identities ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Hybrid Organizing ◽  
Multiple Case

On the basis of an inductive multiple case study of ten social enterprises, we explore how social enterprises, which incorporate for-profit and not-for-profit logics as a hybrid form, gain legitimacy. Our analysis suggests the existence of three types of social entrepreneurs’ hybrid identities and shows how these hybrid identities systematically shape legitimation patterns of social enterprises. Furthermore, our findings suggest that social enterprises’ organizational types as hybrids also determine their legitimation patterns. These findings theoretically contribute to the research on hybrid organizing, legitimation of new ventures, and social entrepreneurship.

Success Criteria and Factors for International Development Projects: A Life-Cycle-Based Framework

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Ba Khang ◽  
Tun Lin Moe
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
International Development ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Project Completion ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Success Criteria ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Project Life

The paper presents a new conceptual model for not-for-profit international development projects that identifies different sets of success criteria and factors in the project life-cycle phases and then provides the dynamic linkages among these criteria and factors. The model can serve as a basis to evaluate the project status and to forecast the results progressively throughout the stages. Thus, it helps the project management team and the key stakeholders prioritize their attention and scarce development resources to ensure successful project completion. Empirical data from a field survey conducted in selected Southeast Asian countries confirm the model's validity and also illustrate important managerial implications.

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