scholarly journals Specialization Then and Now: Marriage, Children, and the Gender Earnings Gap across Cohorts

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinhui Juhn ◽  
Kristin McCue
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Parental Status ◽  
Market Work ◽  
Household Work ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Household Specialization

In this paper, we examine the evolution of the gender gap associated with marriage and parental status, comparing cohorts born between 1936 and 1985. The model of household specialization and division of labor introduced by Becker posits that when forming households, couples will exploit the gains from trade by having one spouse specialize in market work while the other specializes in household work. Given the historical advantage of men in the labor market, the model predicts specialization by gender and therefore an earnings advantage for married men and an earnings disadvantage for married women. Is this model of specialization useful for understanding the evolution of the gender gap across generations of women. And what about children? Academic papers have shown that wages of mothers are significantly lower than those of non-mothers with similar human capital characteristics. We do not attempt to build a structural model here, but rather document how changing associations between marriage and earnings, and between children and earnings, have contributed to the gender gap in an “accounting” sense.

scholarly journals An Explanation of a Gender Earnings Gap in the Veterinary Profession

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160
Author(s):  
David Smith ◽  
Demos Vardiabasis ◽  
Samuel Seaman ◽  
Yury Adamo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Veterinary Profession ◽  
Concomitant Variables ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap

Analysis of a unique data set of U.S. veterinary firms and veterinarians provides evidence of significant differences in earnings between self-employed males and females. After controlling for important concomitant variables, including training and experience, self-employed female veterinarians generally own smaller clinics and have lower earnings than their male counterparts. This study considers which demographic/economic factors may be associated with observed gender differences in earnings. The gender gap for average earnings is about 44 percent; however, when controlling for certain characteristics, the gap narrows to as little as 23 percent, depending on the model specification. Firm size was found to be the strongest contributing factor in explaining the gender gap in earnings, and so, possible explanations for differences in firm size have also been discussed. Whilst the analysis is not conclusive, there is evidence that self-employed females may face customer discrimination, which may constrain the growth and size of female-owned firms. (JEL D21) Keywords: Gender differences, salaries, self-employment, veterinarians

Private Pensions and the Gender Distribution of Fiscal Welfare

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheál L. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Private Pensions ◽  
Gender Distribution ◽  
Member States ◽  
Current Structure ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Welfare State

The provision of taxation relief to support pension savings has become a large and expensive aspect of the welfare state in many countries. Among OECD member states this exceeds $200 billion in revenue forgone each year. Previous research has consistently found this fiscal welfare to have pronounced regressive distributive outcomes. However, little is known about the gendered impact of these fiscal welfare supports, a void this article addresses. Using data for Ireland the article finds that the current structure of fiscal welfare supports notably favours males over females. Nominal contribution levels are higher among males, and males are more likely to be active contributors to pension savings. The associated tax supports are consequently skewed, with two-thirds received by men and one-third by women. This outcome suggests a continuation of the gender earnings gap into retirement and a discontinuity between longevity expectations and tax policy supports for pension provision.

Women’s Informal Market Work in Massachusetts, 1875–1920

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-160
Author(s):  
Nancy Folbre
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Domestic Labor ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
Market Work ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Informal Market ◽  
Provision Of Services

Married women’s entrance into the market economy proceeded at a slow but steady pace between 1890 and 1910. That, at least, is the impression given by conventional census measures of the percentage with “gainful occupations,” which practically doubled in both the United States as a whole and in the heavily industrialized state of Massachusetts (see Table 1). This impression is misleading on at least two counts. Declines in self-reporting and enumerator bias may have overstated the increase in married women with gainful occupations. More important, dwindling opportunities for informal market activities, such as industrial homework, provision of services to boarders, and participation in a family farm or enterprise, may have countervailed increases in formal market participation. In Massachusetts, at least, married women’s specialization in non-market domestic labor probably increased.

scholarly journals MYTHS, FACTS, PRECAUTIONS AND TREATMENT BASED ON KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE (KQ-18) REGARDING HIV/AIDS AMONG MARRIED AND NEVER MARRIED ADULTS (25-35 YEARS) IN MUMBAI and THANE

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rege K. ◽  
Hah V. ◽  
Ingle H M. ◽  
Mallya S. ◽  
Qureshi J.
Keyword(s):  
Married Women ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Knowledge Questionnaire ◽  
Inadequate Knowledge ◽  
Married Men ◽  
High Knowledge ◽  
Hiv Aids

The lack of proper awareness and knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS may leave a large section of the population vulnerable to contract the disease. Correct knowledge and awareness regarding the disease is a general prerequisite for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. Inadequate knowledge, negative attitudes and risky practices are major hindrances to preventing the spread of HIV. The objective was to obtain the knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS on the basis of knowledge questionnaire (KQ-18) among married and never married men and women in Mumbai and Thane district of age 25-35 years. The sample consisted of 120 participants (30 married men, 30 married women, 30 never married men, and 30 never married women) ages 25-35 years. The tool was divided into 2 categories a) Proforma [18 introductory questions, such as gender family type] and b) Knowledge questionnaire [standardized tool of knowledge questionnaire (KQ-18) comprising of 18 items]. Results revealed that participants had high knowledge about symptoms i.e., having sex with more than one partner can increase person’s chance of being affected with HIV; treatment i.e., there is a vaccine that can stop adults from getting HIV, precaution i.e., a person can get HIV by sitting in a hot tub or a swimming pool with a person who has HIV. Astonishingly, participants had a very low knowledge about women getting HIV if she has anal sex with a man, taking a test for HIV one week after having sex will tell a person if she or he has HIV and a natural skin condom works better against HIV than does a latex condom in terms of symptoms, treatment and precautions respectively. These research findings led us to believe that there is a need to impart knowledge in relation to HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals The Case of 'Suspected Adulteress': Reading Numbers 5:11-31 from the Perspective of a Married African Woman

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Alexander Izuchukwu Abasili
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Married Women ◽  
African Woman ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Biblical Hermeneutics ◽  
The Family ◽  
Married Men ◽  
The World ◽  
Gender Specific

As studies have shown, marital sexual infidelity is attested in every society of the world.1 In African societies, adultery is not only strictly prohibited on social, moral and religious grounds but is also regarded, in some African cultures, as an abomination. This is rooted, among others, in the sacredness of marriage in Africa and the inseparable link between the use of human sexuality in marriage and the generation of new life for the perpetuation of the family-lineage and the community. In theory, the ban on adultery applies equally to all married men and women but in praxis, there are some hints of gender injustice against women in observing the ban on adultery. The patriarchal context in some African cultures provides the background for such gender inequality and sexual injustice against women. By using bosadi biblical hermeneutics to interpret the Sotah ritual (Num 5:11-31) - a ritual that is gender-specific, meant only for women accused of adultery - this article condemns the sexual injustice endured by married women in some (African) patriarchal societies and advocates the reading of Num 5:11-31 and other biblical texts containing 'oppressive elements' in a way that is liberating and empowering to the oppressed and marginalised.

Do Women Respond Less to Performance Pay? Building Evidence from Multiple Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-454
Author(s):  
Oriana Bandiera ◽  
Greg Fischer ◽  
Andrea Prat ◽  
Erina Ytsma
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical Model ◽  
Performance Pay ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Performance Incentives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap

Existing empirical work raises the hypothesis that performance pay—whatever its output gains—may widen the gender earnings gap because women may respond less to incentives. We evaluate this possibility by aggregating evidence from existing experiments on performance incentives with male and female subjects. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model, we estimate both the average effect and heterogeneity across studies. We find that the gender response difference is close to zero and heterogeneity across studies is small, while performance pay increases output by 0.36 standard deviations on average. The data thus support agency theory for men and women alike. (JEL C11, C90, J16, J31, J33)

The gender earnings gap among pharmacists

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel J. Carvajal ◽  
Graciela M. Armayor ◽  
Lisa Deziel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap
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