A case report of Salmonella enterica serovar Corvallis from environmental isolates from Cambodia and clinical isolates in the UK

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Corvallis (S. Corvallis) has been identified as a human pathogen and as a food contaminant. Diarrhoeal disease is a common diagnosis in tourists visiting Southeast Asia, often with unknown aetiology. However, numerous public health institutes have identified Salmonella as a common causative agent when consuming contaminated food and water. Genomic data from environmental isolates from a Cambodian informal market were uploaded to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) platform, allowing the novel sequences to be compared to global whole-genome sequence archives. The comparison revealed that two human clinical isolates from England and four of the environmental isolates were closely related, with an average single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) difference of 1 (0–3 SNPs). A maximum-likelihood tree based on core SNPs was generated comparing the 4 isolates recovered from a Cambodian informal market with 239 isolates of S. Corvallis received from routine surveillance of human salmonellosis in England and confirmed the close relationship. In addition, the environmental isolates clustered into a broader phylogenetic group within the S. Corvallis population containing 68 additional human isolates, of which 42 were from patients who reported recent international travel, almost exclusively to Southeast Asia. The environmental isolates of S. Corvallis isolated from an informal market in Cambodia are concerning for public health due to their genetic similarity to isolates (e.g. clinical isolates from the UK) with known human virulence and pathogenicity. This study emphasizes the benefits of global and public data sharing of pathogen genomes.

Informal Markets

Informal markets have often been conceived primarily as a problem in developing countries, while they are also a frequent element of developed economies and global economic exchange. This article analyzes informal markets from an International Political Economy (IPE) perspective, examining two substantially different understandings of informal markets and related research: From the first perspective, analyses focus on how informal markets relate to formal markets, how large the informal market is, and what kind of deviation exists between the formal and informal sector. The second perspective analyzes informal markets against the background of illegal markets and crime. In a first step, the article elaborates on the many varieties and definitions of informal markets. In a second step, the article details explanations for the rise of informal markets. Research typically analyzes the local and national level of informal markets, less so international and transnational linkages, and IPE can contribute to this research substantially. In a third step, the article discusses the methodological challenges linked to assessing the existence and size of informal markets, and the fourth section presents different policies on how informal markets are governed. The concluding section outlines areas for further IPE research on informal markets.

INTERAKSI SOSIAL ANTARA WARGA PERMUKIMAN REAL ESTAT DENGAN PENDUDUK DI SEKITAR NYA

The Bonana settlement is located in Cilandak sub-district, Lebak Bulus village. Built on an area of 38 hectares, it is the result of the conversion of gardens and swamps owned by residents who currently still live in the villages around the settlement. In general, those who work in the Bonana Settlement, live in the villages around the Bonana settlement. The Bonana settlement is equipped with public and social facilities. The Bonana settlement is equipped with green open spaces, in the form of gardens, tennis courts, and green open spaces along the main drainage channel. Green open space equipped with a children's play area (playground), basketball and badminton courts and mosque worship facilities. The facilities in the Bonana Settlement are also used by residents around the Bonana Settlement. Within the Settlement, the formal economic facilities built by the developer are shops with banking facilities, household needs, medical needs, and places to eat, in addition there is an informal market that sells daily necessities. This informal market was formed by the trading community. In general, settlements built by developers are generally closed to the surrounding community, as a preventive measure against crime, but the Bonana Settlement is open between residents of the settlement and the surrounding community. The purpose of the study was to determine the form of participation of the residents of the Bonana Settlement to maintain the security and comfort of their settlements. The study used a qualitative approach with data collection by interviews and observations, and by using sources. The study obtained the participation of residents of the Bonana Settlement to make a safe and comfortable settlement. Keywords: Community; Social Interaction; Green Open Space; Public Open Space AbstrakPermukiman Bonana, berlokasi di Kecamatan Cilandak, kelurahan Lebak Bulus. Dibangun pada lahan seluas 38 Ha, merupakan hasil konversi kebun dan rawa milik penduduk yang saat ini sebagian masih mendiami perkampungan di sekitar Permukiman tersebut. Pada umumnya mereka yang bekerja di Permukiman Bonana, bertempat tinggal di perkampungan disekitar permukiman Bonana. Permukiman Bonana dilengkapi dengan fasilitas umum dan sosial. Permukiman Bonana di lengkapi dengan Ruang Terbuka Hijau, berupa taman, lapangan tenis, dan ruang terbuka hijau sepanjang saluran utama drainase. Ruang terbuka hijau yang dilengkapi dengan tempat permainan anak (playground), lapangan basket dan bulu tangkis dan fasilitas peribadatan masjid. Sarana yang ada di dalam Permukiman Bonana dimanfaatkan juga oleh warga sekitar Permukiman Bonana. Di dalam Permukiman, fasilitas ekonomi formal yang dibangun oleh pengembang berupa pertokoan dengan fasilitas perbankan, kebutuhan rumah tangga, kebutuhan medis, dan tempat makan, di samping itu terdapa terdapat pasar informal yang menjual kebutuhan sehari-hari. Pasar informal ini dibentuk oleh masyarakat pedagang. Pada umumnya permukiman yang dibangun oleh pengembang umumnya tertutup terhadap masyrakat sekitarnya, sebagai tidakan preventif terhadap tindak kriminal, namun Permukiman Bonana terbuka antara warga permukiman dengan masyarakat sekitar. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui bentuk partisipasi warga Permukiman Bonana untuk menjaga keamanan dan kenyamanan permukimannya. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data dengan wawancara dan observasi, dan dengan menggunakan narasumber. Penelitian mendapatkan partisipasi warga Permukiman Bonana untuk menjadikan permukiman yang aman dan nyaman.

The ‘D-Books’ of Daryaganj Sunday Book Market

Daryaganj Sunday Book Market, popularly known as Daryaganj Sunday Patri Kitab Bazaar, is a weekly informal market for used, rare, and pirated books that has been operating on the streets of Old Delhi for the past fifty years. In this essay, I focus on one of the circuits that has been flourishing in this market, that of pirated or ‘duplicate’ or D-books. In order to examine the forms in which piracy thrives in the present-day Patri Kitab Bazaar, and the reasons behind it, I compare two types of pirated books found here: a low-price self-help manual in Hindi and a ‘D’ copy of an English novel by popular Indian author Chetan Bhagat. As I examine the essential role that ‘randomness’ plays in the constitution of pirated texts, I suggest that there is organization to this apparent lack of pattern or unpredictability. Such permutation of order and chaos resonates with the location of the bazaar – a site that thrives on the serendipity of the streets.

Hybridity of economic and social activities on informal market in Jakarta

For more people, public open space plays an important role in everyday life. High accessibility causes a variety of activities to take place, both according to planning and those that take place without being planned. One of the activities that occur spontaneously and continue continuously so that it becomes a permanent construction is the formation of an informal market. The market is a meeting place for two actors, namely sellers and buyers, in economic activities in the form of buying and selling. However, unlike modern markets, traditional markets also take place in hybrid social activities. To find the hybridity of these two activities, it is necessary to conduct a research using a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of this study indicate that these two activities take place alternately and simultaneously. This hybridity is also a factor for their survival in the pressure of an environmental situation that was formed without a plan.

The impact of a political shock on foreign exchange markets in a small and open economy: A dynamic modelling approach

This paper aims to analyse the dynamics of foreign exchange markets in a country facing political uncertainty that prompt capital outflow from the country1. The economic environment under investigation is characterized by dual foreign exchange markets: a formal or official market for foreign exchange with insufficient and volatile foreign exchange flows, and a strong and thriving informal market, with a higher exchange rate2. The findings in the paper indicate a necessary condition for stabilization of the exchange rate system and that is that the return on investment should exceed the depreciation rate of domestic currency in the formal foreign exchange market. This condition implies that the return on investment should at least compensate investors for the opportunity cost of holding domestic money in their private portfolio wealth. Our findings also indicate that stability of the foreign exchange rates is more difficult to achieve under insufficient official reserves as the recovery process from a shock becomes more costly in terms of time period needed for the adjustment process to complete. The dynamic path of the foreign exchange premium shows that under massive capital outflow caused by economic sanctions, the informal market exchange rate overshoots the equilibrium stationary exchange rate, and the size of such overshooting depends on the size of available foreign exchange reserves held by the central bank.

Informal Market in Urban Setting in India: A Sociological Review

The formal and the informal market are two significant parts of the economy in India. However, the portion of the informal sector is more when contrasted with the formal one. The informal share of market, which eventually bolsters the conventional economy, is expanding step by step. These informal Markets give a special topic of sociological examination with regards to the informal economy. This paper intends to sociologically contextualize street vendors and weekly markets in the triangle shaped by the urban space, informal economy and state, and see how informal ness is conjured in formal metropolitan circle. This examination through different past investigations attempted to comprehend vendors profile of these market and their conduct with shoppers and among themselves. This paper investigates the profile of consumer and their conduct in urban weekly market. The conduct that the consumers show in looking for, buying, utilizing, assessing and discarding items and services that they expect will fulfil their necessities. Consumer behaviour is impacted by different components like individual, ecological and dynamic. This examination utilizes distinctive other recently distributed attempts to comprehend the idea of weekly market. Further this article also brings into light various problems faced by these informal markets and also talks about policies and legislation brought by government for their betterment.

Social Mobility Patterns in the World's Populated Cities Through COVID-19

Objective: identify social mobility patterns in the world's most populated cities from the ravaging pandemic of COVID-19 and the confinement and social distancing measures. Method: ternary diagrams to examine the simultaneous movement to different places (grocery, services, parks, workplaces, residence, and transit). Specifically, we use crosshair ternary plots and a Gaussian Kernel Density Estimator (KDE) for ternary density diagrams. Results: for the most part, the mobility reduction was between 40% and 60% in the selected cities. Nevertheless, there were more significant transit cases, but not workplaces or residences, suggesting that the informal market may absorb part of the labor work. Limitations and implications: the main limitation of this analysis is in scaling the data since the mobility statistics represent negative percentages. Main contribution: the work's principal contribution and originality lie in using ternary diagrams, allowing the identification of social mobility patterns in the largest cities and understanding how displacement of populations has changed since COVID-19.