Did one ear infection in France change the history of Britain? The illness and death of Francis II (1544–60)

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-234
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Albert Srouji
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Ear Infection ◽  
French Renaissance ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Middle Ear Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
The Impact

The middle ear has long been considered a continuum of the upper respiratory tract and modern physicians recognize the impact of upper respiratory tract pathology on the middle ear and are familiar with the possible neurosurgical complications of any resultant chronic or acute middle ear infection. In the 16th century, lack of this knowledge may have led to a sequence of events and one of the most important turning points for the British monarchy. This paper on the illness and death of King Francis II of France uncovers interesting aspects of ENT practice from the French Renaissance period and the intrigue surrounding this royal patient's well-documented but little discussed illness.

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7868
Author(s):  
Su Young Jung ◽  
Dokyoung Kim ◽  
Dong Choon Park ◽  
Sung Soo Kim ◽  
Tong In Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may occur. Therefore, given the important role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the early response to external antigens, we surveyed the role of TLRs in otitis media. To summarize the role of TLR in otitis media, we reviewed articles on the expression of TLRs in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Many studies showed that TLRs 1–10 are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. TLR expression in the normal middle ear mucosa is absent or weak, but is increased in inflammatory fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, and granulation tissue and cholesteatoma of COM. In addition, TLRs show increased or decreased expression depending on the presence or absence of bacteria, recurrence of disease, tissue type, and repeated surgery. In conclusion, expression of TLRs is associated with otitis media. Inappropriate TLR expression, or delayed or absent induction, are associated with the occurrence, recurrence, chronicization, and complications of otitis media. Therefore, TLRs are very important in otitis media and closely related to its etiology.

Acute Bacterial Meningitis

2019 ◽  
pp. 637-641
Author(s):  
Eelco F. M. Wijdicks
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Acute Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Complement Factor ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Ear Infection ◽  
Middle Ear Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Immunocompromised State

Meningitis, an infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space, is a syndrome involving the cortex and vasculature that leads to vasculitis and secondary infarctions. The cerebral venous system is involved in severe cases. Acute bacterial meningitis usually results from community-acquired infections, but when it occurs in hospitalized patients (ie, nosocomial bacterial meningitis), it is usually due to invasive procedures. Factors that increase the risk of community-acquired meningitis include the immunocompromised state, human immunodeficiency virus infections, asplenia, and genetic factors such as complement factor deficiencies. In most adults with acute bacterial meningitis, a normal state of health is first interrupted by an upper respiratory tract infection or an ear infection that does not improve with antibiotic therapy. The potential source for acute bacterial meningitis, such as pneumonia, paranasal sinusitis, or middle ear infection, should be sought.

To proceed or not to proceed: ENT surgery in paediatric patients with acute upper respiratory tract infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 130 (9) ◽  
pp. 800-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Shemesh ◽  
S Tamir ◽  
A Goldfarb ◽  
T Ezri ◽  
Y Roth
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Risk Benefit Assessment ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackground:Upper respiratory tract infection is the most common non-preventable cause of surgery cancellation. Consequently, surgeons and anaesthesiologists involved in elective ENT surgical procedures frequently face a dilemma of whether to proceed or to postpone surgery in affected children.Methods:A literature review was conducted and a practical assessment algorithm proposed.Conclusion:The risk–benefit assessment should take into consideration the impact of postponing the surgery intended to bring relief to the child and the risks of proceeding with general anaesthesia in an inflamed airway. The suggested algorithm for assessment may be a useful tool to support the decision of whether to proceed or to postpone surgery.

Sinus Barotrauma in Divers

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Fagan ◽  
Bart McKenzie ◽  
Carl Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Occupational Disease ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Fluid Level ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sinus Barotrauma ◽  
History Of ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Mucosal Thickening ◽  
Maxillary Sinuses

Sinus barotrauma is a common occupational disease of divers, with the incidence of descent barotrauma approximately double that of ascent. Pain chronologically associated with the change of pressure is the most dominant symptom and is seen in 92% of the cases presented for treatment. The majority complain of a frontal distribution of pain, with ethmoidal and maxillary being much less significant. Epistaxis is the second commonest symptom, and may be the sole symptom in some ascent cases. A history of recent or past sinus barotrauma or upper respiratory tract pathology is very common. Clinical examination supports the evidence of upper respiratory tract pathology in many cases. The radiological signs of abnormality were present in over three quarters of the cases examined. Of these the maxillary sinus was affected in most cases, the frontal in approximately one quarter and the ethmoidal in less than a fifth. The pathology was more commonly that of mucosal thickening, but in 12% of cases there was a fluid level. It is noted that although symptoms were predominantly frontal, x-ray changes were most often present in the maxillary sinuses.

scholarly journals Probiotics with vitamin C for the prevention of upper respiratory tract symptoms in children aged 3-10 years: randomised controlled trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
I. Garaiova ◽  
Z. Paduchová ◽  
Z. Nagyová ◽  
D. Wang ◽  
D.R. Michael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Bifidobacterium Bifidum ◽  
Active Group ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
The Impact

In a double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study, healthy school children aged 3-10 years received a probiotic based supplement daily for 6 months to assess the impact on the incidence and duration of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms. The intervention comprised Lab4 probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL21 and CUL60, Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CUL34) at 12.5 billion cfu/day plus 50 mg vitamin C or a matching placebo. 171 children were included in the analysis (85 in placebo and 86 in active group). Incidence of coughing was 16% (P=0.0300) significantly lower in the children receiving the active intervention compared to the placebo. No significant differences in the incidence rate of other URTI symptoms were observed. There was significantly lower risk of experiencing five different URTI related symptoms in one day favouring the active group (Risk ratio: 0.31, 95% confidence interval: 0.12, 0.81, P=0.0163). Absenteeism from school and the use of antibiotics was also significantly reduced for those in the active group (-16%, P=0.0060 and -27%, P=0.0203, respectively). Our findings indicate that six months daily supplementation with the Lab4 probiotic and vitamin C combination reduces the incidence of coughing, absenteeism and antibiotic usage in 3 to 10 year old children.

scholarly journals Guillian Barre syndrome epidemiology presentation and outcome

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 263-272
Author(s):  
Dr.Raed jabbar Hussain ◽  
◽  
Dr. Rahan Assim Mohammed Al-Qazzaz ◽  
Kahtan Adnan Abdullah ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Study Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Background Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS) is most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis, affect peripheral nerves with distinctive features clinical, pathological and prognosis. Patient and methods this study is prospective of 60 patients admitted at al-kadymia teaching hospital from first January 2004 to end April 2009. Age includes 1 to ≤11 years. Diagnosis was by clinical examination and confirmed by CSF tests and nerve conduction velocity study. Results It was found that 32 patients were male and 28 were female. Cranial nerves involved in 30% of patients. Sensory symptoms found in 16%. CSF changes was seen in 85.5% patients. Antecedent events were found in 27 patients out of 60, 14 had history of upper respiratory tract infection 45%, 7 had gastroenteritis 11%, 6 patients had history of fever 3 weeks earlier 10% and 15 patients had complicated by respiratory failure managed by mechanical ventilators, During this study 4 patients had been died. Conclusions: Current study conclude about 45% of patients had history antecedent events in as upper respiratory tract infection , gastroenteritis and fever, so cerebrospinal fluid CSF cell in the majority of cases within normal range and mostly lymphocytes, Cranial nerves were affected in most patients without serious sequels so Steroid was not given to most of patients in our study without any significant effect on the course of disease , Hospitalization was range from 2 week to 4 week, Recovery was range from 4 to 12 week and Death rate was 6% .

scholarly journals Impact of Selected Behavioral and Environmental Factors on the Antibiotic Therapy in Polish Children With Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Ślęzak ◽  
Łukasz Dembiński ◽  
Artur Konefał ◽  
Mikołaj Dąbrowski ◽  
Artur Mazur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Antibiotic therapy must be carried out consistently and according to the guidelines. Viruses are the dominant cause of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children, as has been shown in many previous studies. Unnecessary antibiotic therapy should be avoided so that it does not affect patients' health and lead to the development of resistant bacterial strains. Here we report a national survey conducted in a group of 4,389 children to assess the impact of selected behavioral and environmental factors on antibiotic therapy in patients with URTIs. We found that selected environmental factors influenced the type of treatment. The place of residence, having siblings, an absence of vaccinations, the presence of allergies, and attendance at educational institutions were conducive to antibiotic therapy. These factors also influenced the frequency of hospitalization of children and their absence from nurseries, kindergartens, and schools, as well as the absence of their guardians from work.

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