Some Aspects of Radiation Safety for Electron Accelerators Used for both X-ray and Electron Therapy

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (477) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Karzmark
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Safety ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Accelerators ◽  
Electron Therapy

Survey of self-reported radiation safety practices among North American veterinary technicians involved in equine radiography using portable x-ray equipment

2021 ◽  
Vol 259 (8) ◽  
pp. 919-926
Author(s):  
Alexandra F. Belotta ◽  
Monique N. Mayer ◽  
Niels K. Koehncke ◽  
James Carmalt ◽  
Fernando P. Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Safety Practices ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Veterinary Technicians

Some of these could also be operated in the energy range above lOMeV for experiments designed to determine at which energy level radioactivity can be induced in the irradiated medium. A linac with a maximum energy of 25 MeV was commissioned for the U.S. Army Natick Research and Development Labora­ tories in 1963. Its beam power was 6.5 kW at an electron energy of 10 MeV, 18 kW at 24 MeV. Assuming 100% efficiency, a 1-kW beam can irradiate 360 kg of product with a dose of 10 kGy/h. The efficiency of electron accelerators is higher than that of gamma sources because the electron beam can be directed at the product, whereas the gamma sources emit radiation in all directions. An efficiency of 50% is a realistic assumption for accelerator facilities. With that and 6.5 kW beam power an accelerator of the type built for the Natick laboratories can process about 1.2t/h at 10 kGy. In Odessa in the former Soviet Union, now in the Ukraine, two 20-kW accelerators with an energy of 1.4 MeV installed next to a grain elevator went into operation in 1983. Each accelerator has the capacity to irradiate 200 t of wheat per hour with a dose of 200 Gy for insect disinfestation. This corresponds to a beam utilization of 56% (9). In France, a facility for electron irradiation of frozen deboned chicken meat commenced operation at Berric near Vannes (Brittany) in late 1986. The purpose of irradiation is to improve the hygienic quality of the meat by destroying salmonella and other disease-causing (pathogenic) microorganisms. The electron beam accelerator is a 7 MeV/10 kW Cassitron built by CGR-MeV (10). An irradiation facility of this type is shown in Figure . Because of their relatively low depth of penetration electron beams cannot be used for the irradiation of animal carcasses, large packages, or other thick materials. However, this difficulty can be overcome by converting the electrons to x-rays. As indicated in Figure 9, this can be done by fitting a water-cooled metal plate to the scanner. Whereas in conventional x-ray tubes the conversion of electron energy to x-ray energy occurs only with an efficiency of about %, much higher efficiencies can be achieved in electron accelerators. The conversion efficiency depends on the material of the converter plate (target) and on the electron energy. Copper converts 5-MeV electrons with about 7% efficiency, 10-MeV electrons with 12% efficiency. A tungsten target can convert 5-MeV electrons with about 20%, 10-MeV electrons with 30% efficiency. (Exact values depend on target thickness.) In contrast to the distinct gamma radiation energy emitted from radionuclides and to the monoenergetic electrons produced by accelerators, the energy spectrum of x-rays is continuous from the value equivalent to the energy of the bombarding electrons to zero. The intensity of this spectrum peaks at about one-tenth of the maximum energy value. The exact location of the intensity peak depends on the thickness of the converter plate and on some other factors. As indicated in Figure

1995 ◽  
pp. 40-40
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Metal Plate ◽  
Beam Power ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Emit Radiation ◽  
Electron Accelerators ◽  
Gamma Sources

scholarly journals Technique, radiation safety and image quality for chest X-ray imaging through glass and in mobile settings during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-779
Author(s):  
Zoe Brady ◽  
Heather Scoullar ◽  
Ben Grinsted ◽  
Kyle Ewert ◽  
Helen Kavnoudias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Chest X Ray

GENERATION OF X-RAYS WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF LONGITUDINAL COHERENCE

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 513-518
Author(s):  
ROBERT ROSSMANITH
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Storage Rings ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Accelerators ◽  
Longitudinal Coherence ◽  
High Degree

Synchrotron radiation produced either in storage rings or SASE-FELs is longitudinally incoherent. In this paper a way to produce short longitudinally coherent X-ray pulses is discussed. In addition it is investigated if these sources can be modified to use them as light sources for vacuum electron accelerators.

Modern Requirements for Radiation Safety of X-Ray Diagnostic Rooms

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 247-248
Author(s):  
N. N. Blinov ◽  
E. B. Kozlovskii
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Safety ◽  
X Ray

An easy to use X-ray collimator for Mao-Bell type diamond anvil cell

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ch. Sahu ◽  
N. R. Sanjay Kumar ◽  
N. V. Chandra Shekar ◽  
N. Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Diamond Anvil Cell ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Diamond Anvil ◽  
Special Precaution

An incident beam X-ray collimator for Mao-Bell type diamond anvil cell (DAC) has been developed. Alignment of the collimator is carried out in situ while viewing the image of the collimated X-ray spot formed on a thin layer of fluorescent material spread on the diamond anvil culets with the help of a microscope. Special precaution has been taken to meet the radiation safety requirements during alignment and routine use. This collimator is of immense help for laboratory based high pressure X-ray diffraction experiments.

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