scholarly journals Petrological Properties of Flat Stones from the Obongsan Mountain Quarry Used for Flooring in Ondol

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-390
Author(s):  
Jae Hwan Kim ◽  
Min Su Han
Keyword(s):  
Major Element ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
A Site ◽  
Opaque Minerals ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Light Green ◽  
Terrain Characteristics

The purpose of this study is to scientifically analyze the rocks of the Obongsan Mountain in Boseong, Jeollanam-do, which contains the largest extant quarry of Gudlejang (flat stone for heating) in Korea, and to scientifically determine the petrological characteristics of the area and the reasons for its use as a quarry. The rocks in the quarry are composed of light-green lapilli tuff, containing various types of lithic fragments and crystalline fragments in a vitreous matrix consisting of the fine feldspar crystals. The main constituent minerals were identified as quartz, plagioclase, mica, chlorite and opaque minerals. When the major element compositions were plotted on a Na2O+K2O versus SiO2 diagram, all samples were situated in the same compositional area as rhyolite. In addition, the result of magnetic susceptibility measurement also showed a similar range of values, of 1.30 ∼ 4.85 (×10<sup>-3</sup> SI), indicating that samples were fractionated from the same magma. Both rock types showed similar apparent specific gravity values of 2.32 ~ 2.60. In particular, plate-shaped joints are well developed in the Obongsan Mountain area, and many areas exhibit talus terrain. In conclusion, the rocks of this area is interpreted to used for a site of Gudlejang quarrying, because the rocks were easily obtainable due to the terrain characteristics, and their petrological properties made them suitable for use as Gudlejang stone.

Archaeological Materials :Rocks and Minerals

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Herz ◽  
Ervan G. Garrison
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Historic Monument ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
Lithic Artifacts ◽  
A Site

This chapter is only a brief introduction to lithic archaeological materials. Archaeologists with but little knowledge of rocks and rock-forming minerals are urged to learn about them in greater detail than that presented here. Lithic resources are abundant in almost every archaeological site, and lithic artifacts are invariably the best preserved of any remains. Early societies learned how to exploit these resources, and the use and production of lithics go back to the earliest known sites, at least 1.5 million years. In fact, the earliest cultures are distinguished on the basis of their lithic industries and lithic artifacts. Horror stories in misidentification of lithics abound. Not only have misidentified artifacts proven embarrassing to the archaeologist, but also they have made it difficult to make meaningful comparisons of different societies using published descriptions. In addition, conservation strategies for historical monuments cannot be developed without an understanding of the nature of the material used in their construction. Some egregious examples of ignorance of the rocks and minerals from our personal experience include the following: 1. An archaeologist asked if a quartzite scraper was either flint or chert. When told that it was neither, he asked, "Well then, which is it more like?" (answer, still neither). 2. Egyptian basalt statues have been called limestone in publications (and several other rock types). 3. Sources for alabaster were searched to explain a trading link between a site and elsewhere when the geological map showed the site was adjacent to a mountain of gypsum, the mineral component of alabaster (the gypsum may have merely rolled down the hillside to the workshops, where it became the more salable alabaster). 4. Conservators searched for methods to preserve an allegedly granitic historic monument, or so it had been identified. Chemical analysis revealed only abundant Ca, Mg, and carbonate. Fossils were also abundant in the "granite," which dissolved easily in hydrochloric acid (the "granite" was clearly limestone). Petrology is the branch of geology that deals with the occurrence, origin, and history of rocks. Petrography is concerned with descriptions of rocks, their mineralogy, structures, and textures.

The measurement of the effects of inherent and environmental factors on the lactose content of the milk of individual cows and of the herd bulk milk in a number of commercial herds

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Walsh ◽  
J. A. F. Rook ◽  
F. H. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Lactation Period ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Effect Of Age

Summary(1) In a previous paper (Walsh, Rook & Dodd, 1968) a scheme was devised in which the potential milk lactose content for individual cows was predicted from the observed potassium-to-lactose ratio in the milk, and the difference between the predicted potential and the actual milk lactose contents was partitioned into effects due to age, changes with stage of lactation and inter-quarter difference. The scheme was based on repeated analyses for potassium and lactose of milk from the separate quarters of the udder of each animal at intervals throughout a single lactation, and was applied to 2 commercial herds. A simplified scheme, in which analyses are confined to milk secreted in mid-lactation and in which the measurement of the effect of changes with stage of lactation is omitted, has now been applied to a further 6 commercial herds. The results are reported here, together with those for the mid-lactation period for the 2 herds studied previously.(2) The potassium and lactose contents of the milk of uninfected quarters of the heifers in 4 of the 6 herds and of the second-lactation animals in the 5th herd, which had no heifers, were found to conform with the relationship established previously (Walsh & Rook, 1964) on which the prediction of potential lactose content is based. The values for heifers in the 6th herd did not conform, and the results for this herd are therefore not reported.(3) The range of herd mean values for SNF content was 8·17–8·62% and for lactose content 4·33–4·72%. The overall range for all herds for the predicted potential lactose content of the milk of individual cows was 5·06–5·71 (g/100g milk water). Herd mean values for predicted potential lactose content were, however, generally similar, ranging from 5·240 to 5·486 (g/100g milk water).(4) The range of values for individual cows and the herd mean values for the effects of age and inter-quarter difference showed important differences from herd to herd. Herd mean values for the effect of age varied from −0·028 to −0·266 (g/100g milk water), and there was a similar range, of −0·074 to −0·251 (g/100g milk water), for the effect of inter-quarter difference. In herds where the effect of age was high, the effect of inter-quarter difference also was high.(5) The effects of inter-quarter difference and of udder infections were similar. The loss in milk lactose content was about twice as high in quarters infected with streptococci as in quarters infected with staphylococci.(6) Estimates of herd values for potential lactose content and for the combined effects of age and inter-quarter difference based on analyses of herd bulk milk agreed with corresponding estimates based on analyses of the milk of individual animals within the herd.(7) The importance of variation in milk lactose content as a source of variation in SNF content and the relative importance of predicted potential lactose content and the effects of age and inter-quarter difference as a source of variation in milk lactose content are discussed.

Epibiotic communities on sublittoral macroinvertebrates at Signy Island, Antarctica

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. A. Barnes ◽  
Andrew Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Coralline Alga ◽  
Percentage Cover ◽  
Signy Island ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Cheilostome Bryozoans

The epibiotic communities on locally abundant macroinvertebrates, in particular the brachiopodLiothyrella uvaand the limpetNacella concinna, were examined from depths between 0 and 50 m at Signy Island, Antarctica. The percentage cover by epibionts onLiothyrellaincreased from <20% on the smallest individuals to >50% on the largest, and decreased slightly with depth. The percentage cover ofNacellaby epibionts increased with size of individual over an approximately similar range of values, but in contrast withLiothyrellaincreased greatly with depth. Cheilostome bryozoans and annelids of the genusSpirorbisformed >90% (by area) of the colonists onLiothyrellaand 30–60% onNacella, the coralline algaLithothamnionand sponges making up the remainder. The bryozoans, which generally dominated the epibiotic communities, comprised complex associations of species which could be described as either generalists, host-specific epibiotic, low specificity epibiotic or locally abundant background species. Positive associations of both occurrence and abundance were found between some of the bryozoans living epibiotically on the brachiopodLiothyrella. The overgrowth interactions recorded, between the three main epibiotic faunal taxa; sponges, bryozoans and annelids, were essentially hierarchical. Sponges usually overgrew Bryozoa, and Bryozoa overgrewSpirorbisas well as occasion-ally smothering small brachiopods. In four adultLiothyrelladeath may have been caused by the epibiotic bryozoanArachnopusia inchoatagrowing over the gape, so preventing feeding and/or respiration.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Ultramafic Igneous Rock Ofiolite Complex in Asera District, North Konawe Regency Southeast Sulawesi Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Hasria ◽  
Erzam S. Hasan ◽  
Deniyatno ◽  
L M Iradat Salihin ◽  
Asdiwan
Keyword(s):  
Major Element ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Ultramafic Rocks ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Geochemical Analysis ◽  
Rock Formation ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Original Rock ◽  
Rock Lithology

The research area is located in Asera District, North Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province which has ultramafic rock lithology. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of ultramafic igneous rocks using petrographic and geochemical analysis. Petrographic analysis aims to determine the types and abundance of minerals present so that rock types can be determined based on the classification of Travis (1955) and Streckeisen (1976). The geochemical analysis aims to determine the oxide/major element so that it can determine the type of magma based on the AFM classification according to Irvine and Baragar  (1971) and the origin of the magma / original rock formation environment based on Pearce (1977).  Petrographic analysis results showed that ultramafic rocks in the study area consisted of 2 types of rocks namely peridotite consisting of wherlit and lherzoite and serpentinite.  The results of geochemical analysis indicate that the type of magma in the study area is thoellitic series and the origin of the magma/rock formation environment comes from the expansion of the oceanic floor or mid oceanig ridge (MOR) which is ultramafic.

Does lithology control post-orogenic topography and rock erodibility? Insights from Anti-Atlas of Morocco

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romano Clementucci ◽  
Paolo Ballato ◽  
Lionel Siame ◽  
Ahmed Yaaqoub ◽  
Abderrahim Essaifi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Profile Analysis ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Surface Evolution ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Denudation Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Channel Steepness ◽  
Range Of Values

&lt;p&gt;Rock erodibility plays a central role in setting topographic limits on relief development and is a key parameter in landscape evolution models. However, channel bed erodibility (K) is usually either fixed arbitrary or let varying over a wide range of values (10&lt;sup&gt;-12&lt;/sup&gt; &amp;#8211; 10&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;) because it is difficult to estimate. The topography of ancient orogens offers favourable conditions to quantify bedrock erodibility through the stream profile analysis, because the channel steepness is directly related to rock erodibility rather than rock uplift or climate variability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Anti-Atlas is a Variscan (Paleozoic) orogen of NW Africa that has not been drifted for long distances over the late Cenozoic and hence has not experienced an extended shift across climatic zones. Furthermore, it is characterized by a well preserved uplifted relict landscape with rather uniform erosion rates since at least the last 120 - 100 Ma. This specific configuration allows studying in detail landscape erosional dynamics and erodibility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, we combine geomorphic analysis of stream profiles with in situ-produced cosmogenic concentrations (&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be) in river sediments, to decipher the surface evolution of the AntiAtlas and the adjacent Siroua Massif. In the Anti-Atlas, the basin-wide denudation rates determined for the relictal part of the landscape range between 5 and 20 m Ma&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, consistent with rates estimated from the volume of volcanics eroded from the Siroua Massif during the last 12 - 10 Ma (10 to 20 m Ma&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). The close agreement of short- and long-term erosion rates suggests a steady state landscape.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our results demonstrate the main role of rock-type on sustaining post-orogenic landscape. Specifically, we find a striking correlation between erosion rates and normalized channel steepness per different rock-types. This allows estimating the erodibility within a narrower range of values (10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt; - 10&lt;sup&gt;-4&lt;/sup&gt;) as a function of the reference concavity values of the river network.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals AN ESTIMATE OF THE COMPOSITION OF PART OF THE CANADIAN SHIELD IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Reilly ◽  
D. M. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Canadian Shield ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Red Lake ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
House Area ◽  
Composite Samples

An attempt has been made to estimate the abundance of trace and major constituents in the Precambrian surficial rocks of a large part (43 000 square miles) of the Red Lake–Lansdowne House area in northwestern Ontario. One-hundred and two composite samples were made to represent eight rock types in seven adjacent map-areas of equal size. Major element analysis was carried out on eight composite samples representing rock types for the whole area. Analysis of variance techniques have detected significant regional variations of Cr, Mn, Sr, and Ba. Significant variation exists between rock types for all trace elements analyzed except Cu.

scholarly journals Relation of lineaments and volcano-stratigraphy of tertiary volcanic rocks in Kulon Progo Mountains Area, Yogyakarta-Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 04008
Author(s):  
Asmoro Widagdo ◽  
Subagyo Pramumjoyo ◽  
Agung Harijoko
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Structure Density

The structural lineaments developed in the Kulon Progo Mountains, which is mainly composed of Tertiary volcanic rocks. The direction and distribution of these lineaments density differs from one area to another. This research was conducted to reveal the geological factor of controlling the variation of existing lineaments density. Lineaments delineation is done on the whole area on the satellite image of Kulon Progo Mountain area. From the lineaments map is then made a lineaments density variation map. Lineaments density variation map that are overlaid by volcanic rock distribution, based on the results of field studies, will result in a relationship between the geological structure density and the existing rock types and facies of volcanic rocks. The result of alignments density analysis shows high density values 3-6 km/km2 especially located at proximal volcanic rock facies. Low density values of 1-3 km/km2 are mainly located in medial and distal volcanic rock facies.

Cambrian and Ordovician metabentonites and their relevance to the origins of associated mudrocks in the northern sector of the Lower Palaeozoic Welsh marginal basin

1990 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Roberts ◽  
R. J. Merriman
Keyword(s):  
Major Element ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Middle Cambrian ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Lower Palaeozoic ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Volcanic Succession ◽  
A Site ◽  
Slight Deformation ◽  
Northern Sector

AbstractMiddle Cambrian and Caradoc metabentonites and associated mudrocks are described from the northern part of the Welsh Lower Palaeozoic basin. They occur in areas of slight deformation, distant from thick piles of contemporaneous volcanics. The < 2 μm fraction from anchizonal Middle Cambrian metabentonites consists dominantly of 1Md micas (with up to 5% randomly interstratified smectite) with lesser 1M and 2M1 muscovite, corrensite, quartz, chlorite and kutnohorite. Interbedded mudrocks are similar but contain, additionally, minor paragonite and regular (6:4) paragonite-muscovite. Late diagenetic grade Caradoc bentonite consists of rectorite, pyrophyllite and small amounts of chlorite. Interbedded mudrocks are similar but contain, additionally, 1Md mica with up to 10% smectite interlayers, minor kaolinite and quartz.Metabentonites contain high concentrations of the trace elements Ce, La, Hf, Nb, Ta, Th, Y and Zr in comparison with associated mudrocks. Discriminant diagrams indicate derivation from trachyandesite–dacite–rhyolite magmas in a within-plate setting. Major element variations in Cambrian metabentonites compare closely with those described in Silurian examples whereas the Caradoc metabentonite is closely similar to rhyolitic tuffs in the Caradoc Llewelyn Volcanic Group.Both geochemical and field evidence indicate that whereas Middle Cambrian mudrocks were derived from bentonitic material adulterated variably by a terrigenous input. Lower Cambrian mudrocks were derived from a strongly depleted source such as basic Mona Complex rocks. Geochemical and field evidence suggest Caradoc mudrocks southeast of the Aber–Dinlle fault are largely volcanogenic; and the geological setting of Tremadoc, Arenig and Llanvirn mudrocks demands some volcanogenic input.The Caradoc volcanic succession of Snowdonia is represented by a single bentonite northwest of the Aber–Dinlle fault. The fault system was either a highly effective contemporaneous barrier or, more probably, a site of post-Caradoc transcurrent movement.

scholarly journals Fundamentals of the spatially distributed simulation of the water balance of forest sites in a low-range mountain area

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Schwärzel ◽  
J. Häntzschel ◽  
T. Grünwald ◽  
B. Köstner ◽  
C. Bernhofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Distributed Simulation ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Model Concept ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Distributed Components ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
A Site

Abstract. For a sustainable forest management, a site-specific knowledge on the water balance is a prerequisite. A simple and popular field method for assessing the water balance of forest sites is based on overlaying relief and soil information. Furthermore, climatic influence on the water balance is often restricted to longtime average values of precipitation and air temperature (whole year and/or growing season). However, the impacts of climate change and climatic extremes, as well as silvicultural changes, are inadequately considered. To overcome these short-comings, we integrated the 1D-SVAT model BROOK90 and a radiation model in a GIS to simulate the spatially distributed components of water balance of forest sites. In this paper, we present the model concept and show an approach to describe the influence of a complex terrain on parameters controlling the spatial distribution of energy and water fluxes.

scholarly journals Central Venous Catheter Stiffness and its Relation to Vascular Perforation

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Bersten ◽  
D. R. G. Williams ◽  
G. D. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Central Venous Catheter ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Initial Stiffness ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Single Lumen ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Stiffness Characteristics ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Bench Model

Delayed central venous perforation is an uncommon but serious complication of central venous catheter insertion. An increase in catheter stiffness may have been responsible for our association of venous perforation with use of a guidewire insertion technique. A bench model was used to investigate the stiffness characteristics of thirty-four different types of catheters. The initial stiffness is poorly described by material or catheter gauge. A large range of values is seen between apparently similar catheters — the 16 gauge polyethylene catheter associated with two perforations at our institution had an initial stiffness value 7.5 Nm 2 X 10 -5 at 37°C in comparison with our previous standard—the 16 gauge Deseret Intracath with an initial stiffness of 2 Nm2 X 10 -5. Multilumen catheters had a similar range of stiffness to single lumen catheters, while paediatric catheters in general were less stiff. Dialysis catheters were up to five times as stiff as the stiffest central venous catheter. Stiffness decayed at a rate and to an extent which differed from catheter to catheter. Absorption of water by the catheter appears to be one factor involved in stress relaxation.

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