scholarly journals Recent advances in the understanding and management of bipolar disorder in adults

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 2033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz K. Rybakowski
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Mood Stabilizer ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Specific Drug ◽  
Genetic Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Genetic Overlap

This article focuses on some aspects of recent progress in the neurobiology and treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) in adults. A molecular-genetic approach to the etiopathogenesis of the illness resulted in the findings of a genetic overlap between BD and other major psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, a poly-gene-environmental interaction in the development of the illness has been demonstrated. For the management of BD, new drugs with putative mood-stabilizing properties have been introduced in the past two decades. However, none of these can surpass lithium, the prototype mood-stabilizer, still considered the most specific drug for BD. Recent research on lithium, besides providing new data on the neurobiology of BD, has confirmed anti-suicidal, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties of this drug.

scholarly journals Genome-wide analysis of adolescent psychotic experiences shows genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Pain ◽  
Frank Dudbridge ◽  
Alastair G. Cardno ◽  
Daniel Freeman ◽  
Yi Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Psychotic Experience ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genetic Overlap

AbstractThis study aimed to test for overlap in genetic influences between psychotic experience traits shown by adolescents in the community, and clinically-recognized psychiatric disorders in adulthood, specifically schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. The full spectra of psychotic experience domains, both in terms of their severity and type (positive, cognitive, and negative), were assessed using self- and parent-ratings in three European community samples aged 15-19 years (Final N incl. siblings = 6,297-10,098). A mega-genome-wide association study (mega-GWAS) for each psychotic experience domain was performed. SNP-heritability of each psychotic experience domain was estimated using genomic-relatedness-based restricted maximum-likelihood (GREML) and linkage disequilibrium-(LD-) score regression. Genetic overlap between specific psychotic experience domains and schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression was assessed using polygenic risk scoring (PRS) and LD-score regression. GREML returned SNP-heritability estimates of 3-9% for psychotic experience trait domains, with higher estimates for less skewed traits (Anhedonia, Cognitive Disorganization) than for more skewed traits (Paranoia and Hallucinations, Parent-rated Negative Symptoms). Mega-GWAS analysis identified one genome-wide significant association for Anhedonia within IDO2 but which did not replicate in an independent sample. PRS analysis revealed that the schizophrenia PRS significantly predicted all adolescent psychotic experience trait domains (Paranoia and Hallucinations only in non-zero scorers). The major depression PRS significantly predicted Anhedonia and Parent-rated Negative Symptoms in adolescence. Psychotic experiences during adolescence in the community show additive genetic effects and partly share genetic influences with clinically-recognized psychiatric disorders, specifically schizophrenia and major depression.

Recent advances in psychoneuroimmunology: Inflammation in psychiatric disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monojit Debnath ◽  
Karen Doyle ◽  
Camilla Langan ◽  
Colm McDonald ◽  
Brian Leonard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
Gene Expression Studies

AbstractPsychiatric disorders are common and complex and their precise biological underpinnings remain elusive. Multiple epidemiological, molecular, genetic and gene expression studies suggest that immune system dysfunction may contribute to the risk for developing psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. However, the precise mechanisms by which inflammation-related events confer such risk are unclear. In this review, we examine the peripheral and central evidence for inflammation in psychiatric disorders and the potential molecular mechanisms implicated including inhibition of neurogenesis, apoptosis, the HPA-axis, the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the interplay between the glutamatergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems.

Treatment of Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder with Combination Therapy of Valproate and Lithium

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verinmder Sharma ◽  
Emmanuel Persad ◽  
Dwight Mazmanian ◽  
Kolita Karunaratne
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Open Study ◽  
Rapid Cycling ◽  
Mixed States ◽  
Bipolar Illness ◽  
Moderate Improvement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychotropic Agents

Over the past two decades there has been a great deal of interest in the use of anticonvulsants to treat a variety of primary psychiatric disorders. Valproate, one such anticonvulsant, has been found to be effective in the treatment of acute mania, mixed states and rapid cycling disorders. This paper presents the results of an open study with combination therapy of valproate and lithium in a series of nine patients (mean age = 50 years). These patients had previously been treated with various psychotropic agents, including a combination of carbamazepine and lithium. All but one patient showed marked or moderate improvement in their condition. Of particular interest was the observation that in three patients there was evidence of augmentation between valproate and lithium during the depressed phase of their illness. There was significant improvement in their depression within 24 to 48 hours of the addition of lithium to valproate. The combination therapy was very well-tolerated. It is concluded that valproate and lithium combination therapy provides a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of rapid cycling variant of bipolar illness.

scholarly journals Dissecting the genetic overlap of education, socioeconomic status, and mental health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Wendt ◽  
G. A. Pathak ◽  
T. Lencz ◽  
J. H. Krystal ◽  
J. Gelernter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Genetic Overlap ◽  
Genome Wide Data

AbstractSocioeconomic status (SES) and education (EDU) are phenotypically associated with psychiatric disorders and behavior. It remains unclear how these associations influence the genetic risk for mental health traits and EDU/SES individually. Using information from >1 million individuals, we conditioned the genetic risk for psychiatric disorders, personality traits, brain imaging phenotypes, and externalizing behaviors with genome-wide data for EDU/SES. Accounting for EDU/SES significantly affected the observed heritability of psychiatric traits ranging from 2.44% h2 decrease for bipolar disorder to 29.0% h2 decrease for Tourette syndrome. Neuroticism h2 significantly increased by 20.23% after conditioning with SES. After EDU/SES conditioning, novel neuronal cell-types were identified for risky behavior (excitatory), major depression (inhibitory), schizophrenia (excitatory and GABAergic), and bipolar disorder (excitatory). Conditioning with EDU/SES also revealed unidirectional causality between brain morphology and mental health phenotypes. Our results indicate genetic discoveries of mental health outcomes may be limited by genetic overlap with EDU/SES.

scholarly journals Molecular genetic overlap in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Schulze ◽  
Nirmala Akula ◽  
René Breuer ◽  
Jo Steele ◽  
Michael A. Nalls ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Genetic Overlap

scholarly journals Genetic overlap and causal associations between smoking behaviours and psychiatric traits and disorders in adolescents and adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wikus Barkhuizen ◽  
Frank Dudbridge ◽  
Angelica Ronald
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Genetic Overlap ◽  
Smoking Behaviours

AbstractBackgroundEpidemiological research shows that smoking is associated with psychiatric disorders and psychotic experiences, even after controlling for confounds such as cannabis use and sleep problems. We investigated degree of genetic overlap and tested for causal associations between smoking and psychiatric traits and disorders using genetic data. We tested whether genetic associations existed beyond genetic influences shared with confounding variables.MethodsGenetic correlations were estimated with LD-score regression between smoking behaviours (N=262,990-632,802) and psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression; N=41,653-173,005), psychotic experiences in adolescents (N=6,297-10,098) and adults (N=116,787-117,794) and adult schizotypy (N=3,967-4,057). Genomic Structural Equation Modelling was performed to explore the associations while accounting for genetic influences of confounders (cannabis and alcohol use, risk-taking and insomnia). Causal associations were tested using Generalized Summary-based Mendelian Randomization (GSMR).ResultsSignificant genetic correlations were found between smoking and psychiatric disorders (rg = .10 - .38) and adult PE (rg = .33 - .40). After accounting for covarying genetic influences, genetic associations between most smoking phenotypes and schizophrenia and depression remained but not between smoking behaviours and bipolar disorder or most psychotic experiences. GSMR results supported a causal role of smoking initiation on psychiatric disorders and adolescent cognitive and negative psychotic experiences.ConclusionsPleiotropy between smoking behaviours and schizophrenia and depression exists beyond the common genetic basis of known confounders. Smoking also appears to be causally associated with psychiatric disorders and with cognitive PEs and negative symptoms during adolescence. Exploration of the biological links underlying smoking and psychiatric illness would be well-justified.

Treatments for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo H. Goldberg ◽  
Prerna Martin ◽  
Carolina Biernacki ◽  
Moira A. Rynn
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Stabilizer ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Pediatric Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Careful Monitoring ◽  
The Past ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotics ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments

The past two decades have seen significant advances in the development of evidence-based treatments for pediatric bipolar disorder. Practice guidelines recommend pharmacotherapy with mood stabilizers or second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) as the first-line treatment. Lithium, risperidone, aripiprazole, quetiapine, and olanzapine are approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration for treating bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. The pharmacological literature suggests that SGAs are faster and more effective than mood stabilizers in treating acute manic or mixed episodes, but they have significant side effects and require careful monitoring. While mild to moderate bipolar disorder can be treated with monotherapy, combination pharmacotherapy with an SGA and a mood stabilizer is recommended for youth with severe bipolar disorder. A growing body of literature also suggests the efficacy of psychosocial interventions, with family psychoeducation and skills building as adjunct treatments to pharmacotherapy. More type 1 studies of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial treatments are needed.

scholarly journals Intranasal esketamine use in bipolar disorder: A case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-262
Author(s):  
Courtney Skriptshak ◽  
Ashley Reich
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Mood Stabilizer ◽  
Rapid Cycling ◽  
Treatment Resistant Depression ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
The Past ◽  
Potential Safety ◽  
History Of ◽  
Resistant Depression

Abstract Over the past few years, intranasal esketamine has been FDA-approved for treatment-resistant depression as well as MDD with suicidal ideation. In the clinical trials leading to the recent FDA approvals, subjects with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder were excluded from participation in the trial. The manufacturer of intranasal esketamine states that it “has not been studied, and is not indicated, for patients with bipolar disorder.” Antidepressants are commonly associated with having the potential to induce rapid cycling in patients with bipolar disorder, though the mechanism is not fully understood. This case report demonstrates the potential safety of intranasal esketamine in combination with mood stabilizer therapy in a patient diagnosed with bipolar disorder without recent history of manic or hypomanic episodes.

Sleep in other psychiatric disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Dallaspezia ◽  
Francesco Benedetti
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sleep Abnormalities ◽  
Complex Relationships

There are complex relationships among sleep, sleep disorders, and psychiatric illnesses: not only can sleep abnormalities be symptoms of psychiatric disorders, but also some sleep disorders increase the risks of developing episodes of psychiatric disorders. During the past few decades, a number of sleep investigations have been performed in patients with the aim of identifying specific sleep patterns associated with psychiatric disorders. Although the majority of these studies have focused on major unipolar depression, sleep abnormalities have also been reported in other psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcohol-related and drug abuse disorders, borderline personality disorder, and eating disorders.

scholarly journals A Survey on the Computational Approaches to Identify Drug Targets in the Postgenomic Era

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Fen Dai ◽  
Xing-Ming Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Omics Data ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
The Past ◽  
Property Data

Identifying drug targets plays essential roles in designing new drugs and combating diseases. Unfortunately, our current knowledge about drug targets is far from comprehensive. Screening drug targets in the lab is an expensive and time-consuming procedure. In the past decade, the accumulation of various types of omics data makes it possible to develop computational approaches to predict drug targets. In this paper, we make a survey on the recent progress being made on computational methodologies that have been developed to predict drug targets based on different kinds of omics data and drug property data.

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