The Effect of Vegetation on the Propagation Loss of V2I Network in High Altitude and Mountainous Area

With the gradual formation of the commercialization of the fifth-generation communication technology, the Internet of Vehicles technology has developed rapidly, and the vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) network technology is an important part of the Internet of Vehicles. In high-altitude and mountainous areas, the communication quality of the V2I network is not only affected by terrain, but forest vegetation will also cause greater propagation loss. Aiming at the influence of vegetation in high-altitude and mountainous complex environment on the propagation loss of V2I network, this paper establishes an equivalent model of vegetation in high-altitude and mountainous areas, and analyzes the relationship between propagation loss, propagation distance and frequency of transmitting antenna. At the same time, through digital elevation model (DEM) data and triangulated irregular network (TIN), MATLAB was used to simulate the communication coverage of V2I network in the complex area covered by vegetation, and the influence of vegetation on the propagation loss of V2I network in high altitude and mountainous areas was obtained. In the future, constructing the Internet of Vehicles in a complex environment, the results of research in this article will provide a scientific basis for network quality with high reliability and low latency.

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Fatigue Load Spectrum of Highway Bridge Vehicles in Plateau Mountainous Area Based on Wireless Sensing

Mobile Information Systems ◽

10.1155/2021/9955988 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Li Rui ◽

Xie Xiaoyu ◽

Duan Xueyan

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Highway Bridges ◽

Equivalent Model ◽

Distribution Model ◽

Mountainous Area ◽

Wireless Sensing ◽

Mountainous Areas ◽

Load Spectrum ◽

Fatigue Load

In Yunnan and other plateau mountainous areas, hydropower and mineral resources are abundant, and there are relatively many vehicles used for the transportation of large hydropower facilities. The widespread phenomenon of vehicle overload causes severe fatigue among the drivers. However, there is no reference vehicle load spectrum for fatigue analysis in the existing research. The application of wireless sensing technology to bridge health monitoring is favorable for the entire monitoring system’s low-cost and intelligent development. In this study, wireless sensors are used to collect sensing data in the measured area and perform preliminary filtering processing. The data collected by the sensing layer is aggregated at the TD gateway layer to realize local short-term storage of monitoring data, and 3G wireless transmission is used for the effective processing of the data. The clustering method is used to classify the vehicle models based on investigating the most representative expressway traffic flow information in Yunnan Province. Moreover, the weighted probability distribution model of different vehicle models is established through statistical analysis, which simplifies the composition’s fatigue intensity spectrum model. The selection of five vehicles of the equivalent model followed by a six-axle vehicle has the most significant impact on bridge damage as the standard fatigue vehicle. The research results establish a basis for the fatigue design of highway bridges in plateau and mountainous areas and provide data to establish vehicle fatigue load spectra in national highway regions.

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The Influence of Terrain on Propagation Loss of V2I Network in High Altitude Mountainous Area

2021 3rd Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering Symposium (AEEES) ◽

10.1109/aeees51875.2021.9403040 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mingmin Liu ◽

Jiayong Liang ◽

Wenxue He ◽

Yanmei Jing ◽

Huafu Li

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

Propagation Loss ◽

Mountainous Area

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Monitoring System of Transmission Line in Mountainous Area Based on LPWAN

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13184898 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 4898

Author(s):

Han Zeng ◽

Pengqi Zuo ◽

Fangming Deng ◽

Pei Zhang

Keyword(s):

Transmission Line ◽

Monitoring System ◽

Transmission Lines ◽

Online Monitoring ◽

High Reliability ◽

Mountainous Area ◽

Area Network ◽

Wide Area Network ◽

Mountainous Areas

In light of the difficulty of the inspection and maintenance of a transmission line condition monitoring system in remote mountainous areas, this paper proposes a long-term online monitoring scheme based on a low power wide area network (LPWAN). Considering different failure rates, three monitoring periods of transmission lines in mountainous areas are proposed. An online monitoring framework of transmission lines in mountainous areas was designed based on long range radio (LoRa) and a cellular mobile network, and a dynamic group network model of LoRa was established. The multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm can be used to optimize the energy and delay of the system, and then the suitable working mode for the three monitoring periods can be obtained. The simulation results showed that the minimum packet loss rate of the system could be less than 1%, the energy consumption of the system was 80% lower than the existing monitoring system, and the service life of the system can reach 15.13 years under the normal failure rate. Compared with the existing schemes, the proposed work shows the advantages of high reliability transmission, low cost and long-term monitoring, which is especially for transmission line monitoring in mountainous areas.

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Study on the Relationship between Snowmelt Runoff for Different Latitudes and Vegetation Growth Based on an Improved SWAT Model in Xinjiang, China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031189 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1189

Author(s):

Yongchao Duan ◽

Min Luo ◽

Xiufeng Guo ◽

Peng Cai ◽

Fu Li

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Swat Model ◽

Precipitation Pattern ◽

Mountainous Area ◽

Snowmelt Runoff ◽

Mountainous Areas ◽

Snow Melting ◽

Modified Model ◽

Vegetation Growth

Rivers located in high altitude mountainous areas provide a large number of water resources and are also high-risk areas for seasonal snow melt floods. The accurate calculation and simulation of snow melting processes can provide reliable data for flood disaster prediction. In order to make the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model more suitable for high altitude mountainous areas, the effect of the daily accumulated temperature on the precipitation pattern and snow melting is fully considered. Applying the modified model to three mountain systems with different latitudes in Xinjiang can not only improve our understanding of the characteristics of snowmelt flooding but can also be used to test the applicability of the modified model. Through comparison, it was found that the simulation accuracy of the modified model of the flood peak value was improved by 56.19%. The correlation coefficient between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and snowmelt increased from 0.27 to 0.68. This study provides a new method for accurately understanding the process of snowmelt runoff in the mountainous area and provides new insights into the effects of snowmelt runoff on vegetation growth at different latitudes.

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RTED-SD: A Real-Time Edge Detection Scheme for Sybil DDoS in the Internet of Vehicles

IEEE Access ◽

10.1109/access.2021.3049830 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

Jiabin Li ◽

Zhi Xue ◽

Changlian Li ◽

Ming Liu

Keyword(s):

Edge Detection ◽

Real Time ◽

The Internet ◽

Detection Scheme ◽

Internet Of Vehicles

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Blockchain-Based Solutions for UAV-Assisted Connected Vehicle Networks in Smart Cities: A Review, Open Issues, and Future Perspectives

Telecom ◽

10.3390/telecom2010008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 108-140

Author(s):

Paulo Álvares ◽

Lion Silva ◽

Naercio Magaia

Keyword(s):

Traffic Congestion ◽

Resource Constraints ◽

Smart Cities ◽

The Internet ◽

Connected Vehicle ◽

Sensitive Data ◽

Internet Of Vehicles ◽

Smart Vehicles ◽

Security Properties ◽

Vehicle Networks

It had been predicted that by 2020, nearly 26 billion devices would be connected to the Internet, with a big percentage being vehicles. The Internet of Vehicles (IoVa) is a concept that refers to the connection and cooperation of smart vehicles and devices in a network through the generation, transmission, and processing of data that aims at improving traffic congestion, travel time, and comfort, all the while reducing pollution and accidents. However, this transmission of sensitive data (e.g., location) needs to occur with defined security properties to safeguard vehicles and their drivers since attackers could use this data. Blockchain is a fairly recent technology that guarantees trust between nodes through cryptography mechanisms and consensus protocols in distributed, untrustful environments, like IoV networks. Much research has been done in implementing the former in the latter to impressive results, as Blockchain can cover and offer solutions to many IoV problems. However, these implementations have to deal with the challenge of IoV node’s resource constraints since they do not suffice for the computational and energy requirements of traditional Blockchain systems, which is one of the biggest limitations of Blockchain implementations in IoV. Finally, these two technologies can be used to build the foundations for smart cities, enabling new application models and better results for end-users.

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Association between the type of physical activity and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older adult residents of a semi-mountainous area in Japan

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12199-021-00949-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Noriko Kudo ◽

Ritsuko Nishide ◽

Mayumi Mizutani ◽

Shota Ogawa ◽

Susumu Tanimura

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Older Women ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Daily Physical Activity ◽

Mountainous Area ◽

Mountainous Areas ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Type Activity ◽

Specific Health

Abstract Background Physical activity is reported to prevent metabolic syndrome. However, it is unclear whether exercise or daily physical activity is more beneficial for residents of semi-mountainous areas. This study aimed to identify whether daily physical activity is more beneficial than exercise for the prevention of metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and older residents in semi-mountainous areas. Methods We analyzed secondary data of 636 people who underwent a specific health checkup in a semi-mountainous area of Japan. Physical activity was classified into four types: inactivity (I-type; without exercise and without daily physical activity), only exercise (E-type; with exercise and without daily physical activity), only daily physical activity (D-type; without exercise and with daily physical activity), and full physical activity type (F-type; with exercise and with daily physical activity). We compared the means of risk factors for metabolic syndrome by these four types, followed by logistic regression analysis, to identify whether and to what extent the D-type was less likely to have metabolic syndrome than the E-type. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 28.5% (men 45.7%, women 15.8%). The proportions of men with exercise and daily physical activity were 38.7% and 52.8%, respectively. For women, the proportions were 33.0% and 47.1%, respectively. In women, the D-type had the significantly lowest BMI, smallest waist circumference, highest HDL-C, and lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the four types; the same was not observed in men. Additionally, D-type activity was more strongly associated with a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome than E-type activity in women (adjusted odds ratio 0.24; 95% confidence interval 0.06–0.85, P = 0.028). Conclusions Compared to middle-aged and older women residents with exercise in a semi-mountainous area of Japan, those with daily physical activity may effectively prevent metabolic syndrome.

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