scholarly journals THE FOLDED STRUCTURE. PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW FORMS

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Храбатина ◽  
Natalya Khrabatina ◽  
Ярмош ◽  
Tatyana Yarmosh ◽  
Мирошниченко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folded Structure ◽  
Folded Structures

This article describes the function of folded structures, as well as the diversity of species, underlined studies relevant in the search for new forms that will be technically effective and economically jus-tified; it shows the growing role of aesthetic and artistic trends in contemporary design, to assess the prospects of their use in various fields of architecture and construction. Examples of Russian and foreign architects.

scholarly journals On the Role of Entropy in the Stabilization of α-Helixes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo Bastida ◽  
José Zúñiga ◽  
Alberto Requena ◽  
Beatriz Miguel ◽  
Javier Cerezo
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Protein Folding ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Conformational Space ◽  
Folded Structure ◽  
Enthalpy And Entropy Changes ◽  
Potential Energy Landscapes ◽  
Folded Structures ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

Protein folding evolves by exploring the conformational space with a subtle balance between enthalpy and entropy changes which eventually leads to a decrease of the free energy upon reaching the folded structure. <br>A complete understanding of this process requires, therefore, a deep insight into both contributions to the free energy.<br>In this work, we clarify the role of entropy in favoring the stabilization of folded structures in polyalanine peptides with up to 12 residues . We use a novel method referred to as K2V that allows us to obtain the potential energy landscapes in terms of residue conformations extracted from molecular dynamics simulations at conformational equilibrium, and yields folding thermodynamic magnitudes in agreement with the experimental data available. <br>Our results demonstrate that the folded structures of the larger polyalanine chains are stabilized with respect to the folded structures of the shorter chains mostly by an increase of the entropic contribution of the solvent, which compensates the decrease of conformational entropy of the polypeptide, thus unveiling a key piece in the puzzle of protein folding.<br>In addition, the ability of the K2V method to provide the enthalpic and entropic contributions for individual residues along the peptide chain makes it clear that the entropic stabilization is basically governed by the nearest neighbor residues conformations, with the folding propensity being rationalized in terms of triads of residues.<br><br>

scholarly journals On the Role of Entropy in the Stabilization of α-Helixes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo Bastida ◽  
José Zúñiga ◽  
Alberto Requena ◽  
Beatriz Miguel ◽  
Javier Cerezo
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Protein Folding ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Conformational Space ◽  
Folded Structure ◽  
Enthalpy And Entropy Changes ◽  
Potential Energy Landscapes ◽  
Folded Structures ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

Protein folding evolves by exploring the conformational space with a subtle balance between enthalpy and entropy changes which eventually leads to a decrease of the free energy upon reaching the folded structure. <br>A complete understanding of this process requires, therefore, a deep insight into both contributions to the free energy.<br>In this work, we clarify the role of entropy in favoring the stabilization of folded structures in polyalanine peptides with up to 12 residues . We use a novel method referred to as K2V that allows us to obtain the potential energy landscapes in terms of residue conformations extracted from molecular dynamics simulations at conformational equilibrium, and yields folding thermodynamic magnitudes in agreement with the experimental data available. <br>Our results demonstrate that the folded structures of the larger polyalanine chains are stabilized with respect to the folded structures of the shorter chains mostly by an increase of the entropic contribution of the solvent, which compensates the decrease of conformational entropy of the polypeptide, thus unveiling a key piece in the puzzle of protein folding.<br>In addition, the ability of the K2V method to provide the enthalpic and entropic contributions for individual residues along the peptide chain makes it clear that the entropic stabilization is basically governed by the nearest neighbor residues conformations, with the folding propensity being rationalized in terms of triads of residues.<br><br>

scholarly journals Multiple Roles of Flagellar Export Chaperones for Efficient and Robust Flagellar Filament Formation in Salmonella

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tohru Minamino ◽  
Yusuke V. Morimoto ◽  
Miki Kinoshita ◽  
Keiichi Namba
Keyword(s):  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Filament Formation ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Filament Assembly ◽  
Suppressor Mutations ◽  
Folded Structure ◽  
Flagellar Filament

FlgN, FliS, and FliT are flagellar export chaperones specific for FlgK/FlgL, FliC, and FliD, respectively, which are essential component proteins for filament formation. These chaperones facilitate the docking of their cognate substrates to a transmembrane export gate protein, FlhA, to facilitate their subsequent unfolding and export by the flagellar type III secretion system (fT3SS). Dynamic interactions of the chaperones with FlhA are thought to determine the substrate export order. To clarify the role of flagellar chaperones in filament assembly, we constructed cells lacking FlgN, FliS, and/or FliT. Removal of either FlgN, FliS, or FliT resulted in leakage of a large amount of unassembled FliC monomers into the culture media, indicating that these chaperones contribute to robust and efficient filament formation. The ∆flgN ∆fliS ∆fliT (∆NST) cells produced short filaments similarly to the ∆fliS mutant. Suppressor mutations of the ∆NST cells, which lengthened the filament, were all found in FliC and destabilized the folded structure of FliC monomer. Deletion of FliS inhibited FliC export and filament elongation only after FliC synthesis was complete. We propose that FliS is not involved in the transport of FliC upon onset of filament formation, but FliS-assisted unfolding of FliC by the fT3SS becomes essential for its rapid and efficient export to form a long filament when FliC becomes fully expressed in the cytoplasm.

Computational Geometric Modeling and Unfolding of 3-D Folded Structures

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Kang Tai
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Modeling ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Polymer Foams ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Folded Structure ◽  
Intricate Shape ◽  
Computer Representation ◽  
Environmental Considerations ◽  
Folded Structures

Due to environmental considerations, corrugated paperboard folded into appropriate 3-D structural shapes are increasingly being used as packaging cushions, as a substitute for those traditionally made of polymer foams. However, since paperboards are manufactured in the form of sheets, 3-D structures have to be created from these boards by folding. The design of the necessary flat layout pattern of a board that can be folded into a reasonably complex and intricate shape is a process requiring a lot of costly trial-and-error and creativity on the part of the designer. This paper describes a methodology developed to aid the designer by automatically and systematically generating many possible flat layouts that can be folded into a specified 3-D folded structure. The key to such a method is a computer representation of the topology/connectivity of the faces of the 3-D folded structure by a graph-theoretic model, and an algorithm to operate on this model to unfold and generate the geometry of the planar layout. The procedure is implemented on a computer and resulting flat layout designs have been generated for four example structures. Some of the issues concerning the types of folded structures that can and cannot be easily unfolded and the types of layouts that can and cannot be generated by the current methodology are discussed.

scholarly journals Folded structures in modern architecture

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Sekularac ◽  
Jelena Ivanovic-Sekularac ◽  
Jasna Cikic-Tovarovic
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Folded Structure ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Folded Structures ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Made In

Folded structures are three-dimensional structures - spatial structures and they belong to the structural systems. The term folded structure defines a folded form of construction, including structures derived from elements which form a folded structure by their mutual relationship in space. For very long time this type of construction has been realized in practice only in of reinforced concrete and made on site, which conditioned the use of a very complicated shell. Development of prefabricated building led to improvements of this type of construction so that the folded structures could be derived by assembly of prefabricated elements and their relationship - monolithization on site. Development of the research of folded structures, starting from their earliest days to today, followed the innovations and latest developments in terms of applied materials and methods of connection. The tendency for the cost effective and quicker construction pushed the folded structures made in reinforced concrete, and led to the construction realized in wood, steel and other modern materials that eventually experienced expansion.

scholarly journals Mineralogical and Geochemical Features of Cave Fossilization of Bone Detritus on the Example of Imanay Cave (South Urals)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-358
Author(s):  
V. I. Silaev ◽  
◽  
M. N. Parshukova ◽  
D. O. Gimranov ◽  
V. N. Filippov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Valley ◽  
South Urals ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Perm Krai ◽  
Folded Structures

The features of the geomorphological structure of the Koyva River valley in the Gornozavodskiy district of Perm Krai are considered. The leading role of tectonics in formation of terraces and development of the valley of the longitudinal (relative to the folded structures of the Urals) area of the upper and middle courses is shown. The development of regional faults and thrusts at the base of the valley is associated with the formation of the Vishersko-Visimskaya depression. The formation of gold - and platinum-bearing placers is associated with the terraces location and the orientation of the Koyva River Valley

scholarly journals Alpine structure of the folding system of North-West Caucasus and conditions of its forming

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Т.В. Гиоргобиани ◽  
Д.П. Закарая
Keyword(s):  
Wide Distribution ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Folded Structure ◽  
Secondary Dislocation ◽  
Successive Change ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Folded Structures ◽  
Two Stages

В результате многолетнего детального изучения выявлены закономерности внутреннего строения альпийской складчатой структуры СевероЗападного Кавказа. Установлено, что одной из характерных особенностей этого региона является латеральная зональность его складчатой структуры в поперечном сечении, выразившаяся в последовательной смене с югозапада на северовосток интенсивной складчатости умеренной, а затем слабой. Это свидетельствует о спаде деформационных усилий в указанном направлении в процессе образования складчатости СевероЗападного Кавказа. Выявлено широкое развитие в пределах южного склона СевероЗападного Кавказа интерференционных складчатых структур, возникающих в результате наложения деформаций разного плана и возраста. Выяснено, что интерференционная складчатость в регионе образована в процессе повторной деформации ранее возникшей линейной складчатости северозападного простирания, тангенциальным долготным сжатием. Установлено, что интерференционная складчатость отражает изменение плана деформации СевероЗападного Кавказа от северовосточного на субмеридиональное во время образования складчатой системы. Рассмотрены кинематические особенности образования складчатости различной морфологии, развитой в пределах изученного региона. Выявлены причины разнообразия складчатых форм, наблюдаемых в современной структуре СевероЗападного Кавказа. Установлено широкое развитие в регионе многочисленных разнообразных по ориентировке, возрасту и кинематике разрывных нарушений. На основании проведенного детального анализа складчатой структуры СевероЗападного Кавказа реконструированы условия ее образования. Выяснено, что в деформировании складчатой структуры СевероЗападного Кавказа выделяются два этапа тектогенеза. На первом этапе деформации (юрасредний миоцен) ведущая роль в складкообразовании принадлежит югозападным тангенциальным силам, возникающих в результате придвигания и прижатия ЧерноморскоЗакавказкого микроконтинента к СевероЗападному Кавказу. Поэтому такую деформацию можно рассматривать как проявление микроплитовой тектоники. На втором этапе тектогенеза (поздний миоценантропоген) в обстановке субмеридионального горизонтального сжатия отдельные блокишоли микроконтинента продвигаясь на север, вторгались в складчатую систему СевероЗападного Кавказа, обусловливая ее повторную дислокацию. Показано, что действие шолевой тектоники привело к преобразованию первичной складчатости в южном активном крае СевероЗападного Кавказа. Новейший процесс деформации с образованием наложенных на первичную складчатость структур продолжается в регионе и в настоящее время. As a result of many years of detailed study, regularities of the internal structure of the Alpine folded structure of the NorthWest Caucasus are revealed. It has been established that one of the characteristic features of this region is the lateral zonality of its folded structure in cross section, which manifests a successive change of intense folding to moderate and then to weak from the southwest to the northeast. This indicates a decrease in deformation strain in the indicated direction during the formation of folding in the NorthWest Caucasus. Widespread development of interference folded structures arising as a result of superimposed deformations of different orientation and age was revealed within the southern slope of the NorthWest Caucasus. It was found that the interference folding in the region is formed in the process of repeated deformation of the linear folding of the northwestern strike formed earlier by the tangential longitudinal compression. It was determined that interference folding reflects a change of the plan of deformation of the NorthWest Caucasus from the northeast to submeridional during the formation of the folded system. The kinematic features of folding formation of various morphology developed within the studied region are considered. The reason of the variety of folded forms observed in the modern structure of the NorthWest Caucasus is revealed. Wide distribution of faults with different orientation, age and kinematics in the region is outlined. The conditions of formation of the folded structure of the NorthWest Caucasus are reconstructed on the basis of a detailed analyses. Its clarified that two stages of tectogenesis were distinguished in the forming of folded structure of NW Caucasus. At the first stage of deformation (JurassicMiddle Miocene) the leading role had the tangential forces SW direction arised as a result of movement and pressing of the Black SeaTranscaucasian Microcontinent to the NW Caucasus. Therefore, such a deformation can be considered as a manifestation of microplate tectonics. During the second stage (Late MioceneAnthropogen) of tectogenesis at the conditions of submeridional horizontal compression, traveling to the north individual blocks of the microcontinent intruded into the folded system of the region, causing its secondary dislocation. It is shown that the activities of schole tectonics led to the transformation of primary folding in the southern active region of the NorthWest Caucasus. The recent processes of deformation with the formation of new superimposed structures is continues in the region at present.

scholarly journals The Folded Structures of Gagra-Java Zone of the Greater Caucasus (Cross-sections Along the Rivers Tskhenistskali and Rioni) and Conditions of its Formation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Т.В. Гиоргобиани ◽  
Д.П. Закарая
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Tectonic Zone ◽  
Greater Caucasus ◽  
Folded Structure ◽  
Horizontal Pressure ◽  
The Common ◽  
Folded Structures ◽  
Cretaceous Deposits

ГаграДжавская зона представляет собой крайне южную тектоническую единицу Большого Кавказа, которая расположена вдоль границы с ЧерноморскоЗакавказским микроконтинентом (микроплитой). В геологическом строении рассматриваемой территории ГаграДжавской зоны принимают участие песчаноглинистые отложения нижней, средней и верхней юры, вулканогенные породы средней юры, а также карбонатные образования мела и палеогена, общая мощность которой составляет 6 км. В процессе проведения детальных региональных исследований, в изученном регионе вдоль пересечения ущелий рек Цхенисцкали и Риони, составлены геологоструктурные разрезы длиной соответственно 20 и 30 км. Характерной особенностью складчатости развитой в пределах Цхенисцкальского пересечения является югозападное (аз. 230260) простирание структур. В Рионском профиле в основном распространены складки с северозападной (аз. 285315) ориентировкой их осей. Складчатая структура мезозойских отложений Цхенисцкалского пересечения отличается многопорядковой и неодинаковой дислоцированностью слагающих разрез толщ. В пределах геологоструктурного профиля выделяются ограниченные крутыми разломами участки складчатости, которые поразному деформированы и иногда не увязываются между собой в одну структуру. Причиной такого коллажа неоднородных дислокаций является вертикальная дисгармония складчатости и многократное наложение друг на друга разнонаправленного тангенциального сжатия. Складчатость средневерхнеюрских и меловых отложений Рионского пересечения сравнительно проста. Она слагает в общем пологую флексурообразную структуру первого порядка, шириной до 30 км. Судя по зеркалу развитых здесь мелких складок, пологое крыло этой флексуры осложнено наклоненными под углами 1530 изгибами, а смыкающее крыло флексуры залегает субвертикально (7585). Складчатость ГаграДжавской тектонической зоны была образована на раннесреднеальпийской стадии развития Большого Кавказа в процессе проявления батской (адыгейской) и действующих на границе эоценолигоцена (пиринейской) фаз складчатости. Формирование структур происходило в условиях северовосточного тангенциального сжатия региона, которое было обусловлено придвиганием и прижатием ЧерноморскоЗакавказского микроконтинента к ГаграДжавской зоне. Позднеальпийская новейшая стадия (поздний миоценантропоген) протекала уже в обстановке субмеридионального горизонтального давления на активную ГаграДжавскую зону. Происходили эти движения во время действия новейших и четвертичных фаз складчатости в условиях жесткой коллизии ЧерноморскоЗакавказского микроконтинента и Большого Кавказа. Многократное разнонаправленное тангенциальное сжатие способствовало возникновению в пределах ГаграДжавской зоны процесса формирования неоднородной складчатой структуры различного возраста, который продолжается и в современную эпоху. GagraJava zone represents the southernmost tectonic unit of the Greater Caucasus and located along the boundary with the Black SeaTranscaucasian microcontinent (microplate). In geological building of the discussed area of the GagraJava zone are participating sandyclayey deposits of lower, middle and upper Jurassic, volcanic rocks of the middle Jurassic, and carbonates of Cretaceous and Paleogene, with 6 km of total thickness. During the detailed regional works, in the studied area, along the intersection of gorges of rivers Tskhenistskali and Rioni, the geologicalstructural sections of 2030 km length accordingly were composed. The common characteristic of the folding developed in the Tskhenistskali section is the southwestern strike (230260o) of the structures. In the Rioni section mainly developed the structures with northwestern strike (285315o) of axis. Folded structure of the Mesozoic deposits of the Tskhenistskali section differs by multiordinal and different dislocation of formations. In the limits of geologicalstructural profile there were defined folded areas bounded by steep faults and deformed differently and sometimes difficult to identify as the same structure. The reason of such collage of different dislocations is the vertical disharmony of the folding and multiple overprint of tangentional compression of different orientation. Folding of MiddleUpper Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits of the Rioni section is relatively simple. It is forming gentle flexure like up to 30 km wide fold of the first order. According the level of the folds developed in the area, gentle limb of the flexure in the southern part is complicated by bends dipping with angle 1530o, the steeper limb of the fold is subvertical (7585o). Folding of the GagraJava tectonic zone was formed at the early, middle Alpine stage of the evolution of the Greater Caucasus during the manifestation of Bathonian (Adigean) and active at the boundary of EoceneOligocene (Pyrenean) phases of tectogenese. The folding took place in the conditions of the northeastern tangential compression of the region, stipulated by motion and pining of the Black SeaTranscaucasia nmicrocontinent to the GagraJava zone. Late Alpine newest stage (late MioceneAnthropogene) took place in the conditions of submeridional horizontal pressure on the active marginal GagraJava zone. These movement took place during newest and Quaternary phases of folding in conditions of collision of the Black SeaTranscaucasian microcontinent and the Greater Caucasus. Multiple tangential compression of different direction promotes processes of formation of nonuniform folded structure of different age in GagraJava zone, which is continued today

scholarly journals The material properties of naked mole-rat hyaluronan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yavuz Kulaberoglu ◽  
Bharat Bhushan ◽  
Fazal Hadi ◽  
Sampurna Chakrabarti ◽  
Walid T. Khaled ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Matter ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Repeated Loading ◽  
Cancer Resistance ◽  
Macroscopic Appearance ◽  
Mole Rat ◽  
Naked Mole Rat ◽  
Folded Structures

AbstractHyaluronan (HA) is a key component of the extracellular matrix. Given the fundamental role of HA in the cancer resistance of the naked mole-rat (NMR), we undertook to explore the structural and soft matter properties of this species-specific variant, a necessary step for its development as a biomaterial. We examined HA extracted from NMR brain, lung, and skin, as well as that isolated from the medium of immortalised cells. In common with mouse HA, NMR HA forms a range of assemblies corresponding to a wide distribution of molecular weights. However, unique to the NMR, are highly folded structures, whose characteristic morphology is dependent on the tissue type. Skin HA forms tightly packed assemblies that have spring-like mechanical properties in addition to a strong affinity for water. Brain HA forms three dimensional folded structures similar to the macroscopic appearance of the gyri and sulci of the human brain. Lung HA forms an impenetrable mesh of interwoven folds in a morphology that can only be described as resembling a snowman. Unlike HA that is commercially available, NMR HA readily forms robust gels without the need for chemical cross-linking contrasting. NMR HA gels sharply transition from viscoelastic to elastic like properties upon dehydration or repeated loading. In addition, NMR HA can form ordered thin films with an underlying semi-crystalline structure. Given the role of HA in maintaining hydration in the skin it is plausible that the folded structures contribute to both the elasticity and youthfulness of NMR skin. It is also possible that such densely folded materials could present a considerable barrier to cell invasion throughout the tissues, a useful characteristic for a biomaterial.

scholarly journals Process of forming mirror-shaped relief plates of folded structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-182
Author(s):  
V. I. Khaliulin ◽  
R. Sh. Gimadiev ◽  
V. A. Markovtsev ◽  
N. V. Levshonkov
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Flow Sheet ◽  
Process Flow ◽  
Folded Structure ◽  
Process Flow Sheet ◽  
Folded Structures

We present a process flow sheet that allows dividing the process of shaping of folded structures into several stages. The formation of the relief is achieved by inverting individual sections of the trapezoidal corrugation to give them a mirror-reflected shape. The process is characterized by narrow zones of bending deformations along the lines of the structure marking and by warping of faces without drawing. The field shaper layout and the relationships for calculating geometric and process parameters are presented.

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