Pathomorphological examination of hippocampus in the persons of the second period of mature age with cerebral atherosclerosis

10.12737/5023 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Горелик ◽  
E. Gorelik
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Brain Vessels ◽  
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Left Hippocampus ◽  
Subsequent Calculation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Second Period ◽  
The Brain

The purpose of this research is to study the morphology of the hippocampus in the patients with cerebro-vascular disease with age, sex and somatic types. The study was conducted from autopsy material. The hippocampus male (n=20) and female (n=15) of the patients of the second period of mature age were taken for study. Pathological and anatomical examination showed that all dead people had pathology of brain vessels. Changes specific to the 1 and 2 stages of atherosclerosis were detected in the basilar and middle cerebral arteries. Somatotype was defined with the subsequent calculation of the index by the method of Rees-Eysenck. The morphometric research of right and left hippocampus of the brain has been conducted. The parameters of the hippocampus with the sex were determined. There are presented the results of quantitative and qualitative morphological study of the hippocampus in persons of the second period of adulthood with cerebral arteriosclerosis in various somatotypes. The comparative analysis, of morphometric parameters of the hippocampus of the right and left hemispheres of the human brain, showed, that most significant are the length of the hippocampus width of middle part and width region of legs. On microscopic examination of the hippocampus, the individuals of the second period of mature age, even at the early stages of atherosclerosis of cerebral arteries, are detected dystrophic changes of neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions, showing their ischemic damage.

scholarly journals Systematization, distribution, and territories of the caudal cerebral artery on the surface of the brain in nutria (Myocastor coypus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 484-492
Author(s):  
Laura V. Goltz ◽  
Rodrigo C. Azambuja ◽  
Rui Campos
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Terminal Branch ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Myocastor Coypus ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
The Right ◽  
Choroidal Artery ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT: The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a medium-sized, semi-aquatic rodent valued by the skin and meat industry. This study aimed to describe and systematize the caudal cerebral artery on the brain surface in nutria, establishing a standard model and its main variations in this species. The thirty animals used were euthanized according to animal welfare rules. The vessels were filled with latex stained with red pigment and the samples were fixed in formaldehyde. In nutria, the brain was vascularized by the vertebral basilar system. The terminal branches of the basilar artery originated the rostral cerebellar, caudal cerebral, rostral choroidal and middle cerebral arteries, and its terminal branch, the rostral cerebral artery. The terminal branch of the basilar artery projected the caudal cerebral artery, which is usually a single medium-caliber vessel, into the transverse fissure of the brain. The caudal cerebral artery was presented as a single (66.7% of the cases to the right and 76.7% to the left) and double vessel (33.3% of the cases to the right and 23.3% to the left). It originated the rostral mesencephalic artery, the proximal component, and the caudal inter-hemispheric artery. The terminal branches of the rostral and caudal tectal mesencephalic arteries formed a typical anastomotic network. The caudal inter-hemispheric artery emitted central branches, the caudal choroidal artery, hemispherical occipital arteries, rostral tectal mesencephalic branches and distal components, and anastomosed “in osculum” with the terminal branches of the rostral inter-hemispheric artery. The caudal choroidal artery anastomosed with the rostral choroidal artery, where it branched out on the thalamic mass, vascularizing all diencephalic structures and the hippocampus. The caudal cerebral artery and its terminal branches anastomosed with the terminal branches of the rostral and middle cerebral arteries in a restricted region of the caudal pole of the cerebral hemisphere. The vascularization area of the caudal cerebral artery and its central branches in the paleopallial of the piriform lobe is extremely restricted, caudomedially.

scholarly journals Peroxynitrite Formation in Focal Cerebral Ischemia—Reperfusion in Rats Occurs Predominantly in the Peri-Infarct Region

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoto Fukuyama ◽  
Shunya Takizawa ◽  
Hideyuki Ishida ◽  
Kiyotaka Hoshiai ◽  
Yukito Shinohara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Infarct Region ◽  
Tyrosine Residues ◽  
The Core ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
The Brain

Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) exhibits potent neurotoxicity and plays an important role in neu ronal death, but no evidence shows that it is formed in the brain during ischemia or subsequent reperfusion. To detect the formation of ONOO−, we used a hydrolysis/HPLC procedure to measure the formation of 3-nitro-l-tyrosine (NO2-Tyr), which is considered to reflect attack of ONOO− on l-tyrosine residues of cellular components in the brain. Focal ischemia was produced by occluding the right common carotid and right middle cerebral arteries for 2 hours, and the ischemic area was reperfused by reopening the middle cerebral artery. After 2 hours of ischemia, the values of the ratio of NO2-Tyr to l-tyrosine were 0% ± 0%, 0.42% ± 0.13% and 0.29% ± 0.10% in the noninfarct, periinfarct, and core-of-infarct regions, respectively. After 3 hours of reperfusion following 2 hours of ischemia, the ratio in the periinfarct region reached 0.89 ± 0.22%, which was significantly higher than that in the core-of-infarct region (0.35 ± 0.09%). The NO2-Tyr was not detected in 50 mg/kg of N-monomethyl-l-arginine–treated or sham-operated rats. Regional CBF in the periinfarct region decreased to 30.8 ± 15.9 mL/100 g/min during occlusion, but recovered more rapidly than did that in the core-of-infarct region.

scholarly journals Contractile and Endothelium-Dependent Dilatory Responses of Cerebral Arteries at Various Extracellular Magnesium Concentrations

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Faragó ◽  
Csaba Szabó ◽  
Eörs Dóra ◽  
Ildikó Horváth ◽  
Arisztid G. B. Kovách
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Calcium Influx ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Contractile Responses ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
The Right ◽  
Endothelial Receptor

To clarify the effect of extracellular magnesium (Mg2+) on the vascular reactivity of feline isolated middle cerebral arteries, the effects of slight alterations in the Mg2+ concentration on the contractile and endothelium-dependent dilatory responses were investigated in vitro. The contractions, induced by 10−8-10−5 M norepinephrine, were significantly potentiated at low Mg2+ (0.8 m M v. the normal, 1.2 m M). High (1.6 and 2.0 m M) Mg2+ exhibited an inhibitory effect on the contractile responses. No significant changes, however, in the EC50 values for norepinephrine were found. The endothelium-dependent relaxations induced by 108–10−5 M acetylcholine were inhibited by high (1.6 and 2.0 m M) Mg2+. Lowering of the Mg2+ concentration to 0.8 m M or total withdrawal of this ion from the medium failed to alter the dilatory potency of acetylcholine. The changes in the dilatory responses also shifted the EC50 values for acetylcholine to the right. The present results show that the contractile responses of the cerebral arteries are extremely susceptible to the changes of Mg2+ concentrations. In response to contractile and endothelium-dependent dilatory agonists, Mg2+ probably affects both the calcium influx into the endothelial and smooth muscle cells as well as the binding of acetylcholine to its endothelial receptor. Since Mg2+ deficiency might facilitate the contractile but not the endothelium-dependent relaxant responses, the present study supports a role for Mg2+ deficiency in the development of the cerebral vasospasm.

scholarly journals A case of Young Stroke due to Moyamoya Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-113
Author(s):  
Md Abdur Razzak ◽  
Ghulam Kawnayn ◽  
Fateha Naznin ◽  
Quazi Audry Arafat Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Moyamoya Disease ◽  
Past History ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Cerebral Angiogram ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Collateral Vessels ◽  
The Right

Moyamoya disease is a disease in which certain arteries in the brain are constricted. Blood flow is blocked by the constriction, and also by blood clots (thrombosis). A collateral circulation develops around the blocked vessels to compensate for the blockage, but the collateral vessels are small, weak, and prone to bleeding, aneurysm and thrombosis which may result in TIA, recurrent ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or seizure. The disease may manifest in pediatric age or young adults. In May 2019 we have diagnosed a young lady with Moyamoya disease who presented with right sided hemiplegia, motor aphasia and dysphagia. She was labeled as hypertensive 6 months prior to this event and used to take anti-hypertensive irregularly and gave past history of occasional headache. Her CT scan and MRI of brain revealed left sided ischemic infarct involving frontotemporoparietal region and cerebral angiogram revealed narrowing of left MCA and non-visualization of distal part. There is extensive fine collaterals (Moyamoya vessels) giving the appearance of puffed smoke. The right ACA and MCA were also narrowed with appearance of early collateral vessels. She was treated with aspirin, PPI, NG feeding, antihypertensive medication, physiotherapy, rehabilitation therapy and other supportive care. His condition gradually improved and discharged on 2.7.19. He was referred to Department of Neurosurgery for cerebral revascularization by STA-MCA (superficial temporal and middle cerebral arteries) bypass surgery after stabilization and MR perfusion study. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.15 (1) 2019: 110-113

scholarly journals Time Course of Changes in Nitric Oxide Synthases Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Primates

Stroke ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 359-360
Author(s):  
Robert L Macdonald ◽  
Bak Yamini ◽  
Bryce K Weir ◽  
Shigeki Ono
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Inos Mrna ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
The Right

P114 Nitric oxide (NO) may be important in vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We evaluated the time course of changes in 3 isoforms of NO synthase (NOS) after SAH in monkeys. Right SAH was created and vasospasm was assessed on angiograms obtained at baseline and after 3, 7 and 14 days. Animals were euthanized at these times (n = 4 - 6 per time) and the right and left (control) middle cerebral arteries were removed. Levels of nNOS, eNOS and iNOS messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Angiography showed a 45 ± 13% (mean ± s.d., p < 0.05) decrease in middle cerebral artery diameter 3 days, a 41 ± 23% (p< 0.05) decrease 7 days and an insignificant 6 ± 14% decrease 14 days after SAH. The RNA for eNOS was significantly reduced (1.7 ± 0.5-fold) 7 days after SAH. There was a significant, 1.7 ± 0.2-fold reduction in eNOS protein on days 3 and 7 after SAH that returned to normal by day 14. There were no significant changes in nNOS mRNA or protein at any time after SAH. There were no significant changes in iNOS mRNA whereas iNOS protein increased on days 3 and 7 (7 ± 9 and 2.7 ± 2.8-fold, respectively, p > 0.05) and significantly decreased (2.7 ± 1.1-fold, p < 0.05) on day 14. Immunohistochemistry localized eNOS to endothelium, nNOS to brain and perivascular adventitia of the middle cerebral arteries and iNOS to inflammatory cells in the subarachnoid space. These results show a correlation between decreased eNOS and increased iNOS during vasospasm, suggesting a complex role for changes in NO in vasospasm.

scholarly journals The arteries of the brain base in the degu (Octodon degus Molina 1782)

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brudnicki ◽  
B. Skoczylas ◽  
R. Jablonski ◽  
W. Nowicki ◽  
A. Brudnicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Left Vertebral Artery ◽  
Brain Arteries ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Synthetic Latex

The brain arteries derived from 50 adult degu individuals of both sexes were injected with synthetic latex introduced with a syringe into the left ventricle of the heart under constant pressure. After fixation in 5% formalin and brain preparation, it was found that the sources of the brain&rsquo;s supply of blood are vertebral arteries and the basilar artery formed as a result of their anastomosis. The basilar artery gave rise to caudal cerebellar arteries and then divided into two branches which formed the arterial circle of the brain. The internal carotid arteries in degus, except for one case, were heavily reduced and did not play an important role in the blood supply to the brain. The arterial circle of the brain in 48% of the cases was open from the rostral side. Variation was identified in the anatomy and the pattern of the arteries of the base of the brain in the degu which involved an asymmetry of the descent of caudal cerebellar arteries (6.0%), rostral cerebellar arteries (8%) as well as middle cerebral arteries (12%). In 6% of the individuals double middle cerebral arteries were found. In one out of 50 cases there was observed a reduction in the left vertebral artery and the appearance of the internal carotid artery on the same side. In that case the left part of the arterial circle of the brain was supplied with blood by an internal carotid artery, which was present only in that animal.

scholarly journals Average dimensions of the vessels at the base of the brain and the embryological basis of its variations

2013 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 180-189
Author(s):  
Iqbal S.
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cerebral Dominance ◽  
Circle Of Willis ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Ischemic Attack ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background and aims: The cerebral circulation is constantly maintained by the anastomotic circle of Willis which is often anomalous in more than 50% of the normal adult brains. These anomalies increase the risk of the stroke and transient ischemic attack in older patients. Adequate blood flow through the circle of Willis is often necessary to prevent these ischemic infarctions. The anomalies of cerebral vessels are directly related to the differential growth of various parts of the brain. A detailed knowledge of the individual measurements of the cerebral arteries is useful to neurosurgeon in planning the shunt operations and in the choice of their patients. The present study is aimed to analyze the average dimensions of the vessels at the base of brain and an attempt to explain the common form of variations in terms of embryological development. Materials and methods: Fifty adult cadaveric brains were obtained from routine cadaveric dissections. The base of the brain with the circle of Willis was fixed in 10% formalin and preserved. The circle was analyzed for variations in the size, length and number of the component vessels and any asymmetry in the configuration. The dimensions of the vessels forming the circle were measured using graduated calipers. The observations were recorded and tabulated. Results: Asymmetry was observed in 10% to 36% of the circles in this study. Anomalies were more common in the posterior than in the anterior part of the circle. The posterior anomalies included hypoplastic vessels, absent vessels and embryonic derivation while anterior anomalies were predominantly of accessory vessels. Middle cerebral artery exhibited the least variations. In majority of the circles, left sided vessels were larger in diameter than the right. Conclusions: Variations are more common in the posterior than in the anterior part of the circle and on the right than on the left side of the brain. There was no correlation between the variations of circle of Willis of the right side and the left cerebral dominance. There seems to be no difference between races, concerning the anatomic variations of the brain circulation.

scholarly journals Doppler Impedance Changes at the Fetal Brain Vessels in a Pregnancy Affected with a Multiple Combination of Uteroplacental Anomalies

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Morales-Roselló ◽  
Núria Peralta Llorens
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Vascular Changes ◽  
Cervical Dilation ◽  
Brain Vessels ◽  
Short Cervix ◽  
Vaginal Progesterone ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Unknown Reason ◽  
Umbilical Cord Insertion

A fetus with a very rare five-fold combination of uteroplacental anomalies, bicornuate uterus, short cervix with cervical incompetence, multilobed placenta succenturiata, accessory cotyledon within the cervical funneling, and umbilical cord insertion into the anomalous cervical cotyledon, presented an early and marked decrease at the vertebral and middle cerebral arteries Doppler resistances. This cerebral low-impedance state, usually found before labor, and considered an adaptive mechanism developed to protect the fetus at term from labor asphyxia, was present for an unknown reason at 20 weeks. After the patient was treated with vaginal progesterone, the cervix shortening improved and markedly, at the same time, the cerebral vascular resistances increased and maintained an adequate for gestational age impedance until delivery at 34 weeks. As the described uteroplacental anomalies determined a high risk of preterm delivery, due to cervical dilation, cord compresion, and placental haemorrhage, these fluctuating brain vascular changes might be the result of the fetal adaptation to the changes preceding an imminent delivery.

scholarly journals Ischemic stroke following abuse of Marijuana in a Nigerian adult male

2014 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 417-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olalekan Oyinloye ◽  
Donald Nzeh ◽  
Ayodeji Yusuf ◽  
Emmanuel Sanya
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cannabis Abuse ◽  
The Past ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Stroke In The Young ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTCannabis is the most widely used illicit drug among adolescents and young adults. Despite its widespread use, only a few reports exist on the association of cannabis use and stroke. A 26-year-old Nigerian male, developed right-sided ischemic stroke few hours after smoking three wraps of cannabis. He had smoked cannabis consistently for the past 4 years prior to the development of the stroke. Known stroke etiology and abuse of other illicit drugs were ruled out from history and investigations. Neuroimaging studies of the brain revealed infarcts in basal ganglia secondary to occlusion of blood flow in the left anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The mechanism of stroke in this patient was thought to be a cannabis-induced vasculopathy. Many cases of stroke in the young are increasingly being seen in hospitals in resource scarce countries. There seems to be a predilection for the basal ganglia in ischemic stroke following cannabis abuse. Therefore, cannabis abuse should be considered in young adults with basal ganglia infarcts, after excluding other known etiologies.

scholarly journals Asymmetry in the content of brain monoamines of BALB/c mice reared in social isolation conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inessa Vladimirovna Karpova ◽  
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mikheyev ◽  
Yevgeniy Rudolfovich Bychkov ◽  
Andrey Andreyevich Lebedev ◽  
Petr Dmitriyevich Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Monoamines ◽  
Left Hippocampus ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain

The effects of long-term social isolation on the content and metabolism of dopamine and serotonin systems were studied in symmetrical brain structures of BALB/c male mice. With HPLC the contents of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum of both the right and the left hemispheres of the brain in mice reared in groups and social isolation. The isolated mice were characterized by reduced level of DA in the left striatum and elevated level of 5-HIAA and ratio 5-HIAA/5-HT in the right striatum. In the hippocampus of isolated mice, the activation of both DA-ergic and 5-HT-ergic systems was observed, that is the high level of DA and DOPAC in the left hippocampus and the elevated level of 5-HT in both hemispheres and of 5-HIAA in the right hippocampus were registered. On the other hand, the reduction of both DA-ergic and 5-HT-ergic systems activity was shown to be in the right hemisphere. The decreased concentration of DOPAC and ratio DOPAC/DA in the right cortex were observed as well. As to 5-HT-ergic system, the reduced level of 5-HT in the both cortex of the hemispheres as well as 5-HIAA in the right hemisphere of isolated mice was determined. The phenomenon of interhemispheric asymmetry was revealed in the hippocampus only, which was characterized by the increased DA-ergic activity in the left hippocampus but not in the striatum and the cortex.

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