The cavernous carotid inferolateral trunk and persistent primitive maxillary arteries: analysis of dissected arterially injected fetal specimens and high-resolution micro-CT of the dog’s anastomotic arteries

Purpose The presence of a persistent primitive maxillary artery is described in the literature dealing with the development of the cavernous carotid inferolateral trunk, and the relevant similarities of the cranial circulation of the human and dog. The literature includes no dissection photographs of the above-mentioned two human fetal arteries, only diagrammatic representations. This study’s objectives were to analyze photographs of fetal dissections for the presence of these two arteries, and also investigate the possibility of obtaining, in preserved dog specimens, high-resolution micro-CT imaging of arteries homologous with the above-mentioned two human arteries. Methods The literature describing the embryologic development of the cavernous carotid inferolateral trunk, the persistent primitive maxillary arteries, and their homologies in the dog was reviewed. Relevant dissections of fetal specimens were analyzed. High-resolution micro-CT images of un-dissected dog arteries were produced and analyzed. Results Photographs of fetal specimen dissections demonstrate the cavernous carotid inferolateral trunk. A separate persistent primitive maxillary artery was not present in the dissected specimens. High-resolution micro-CT images of the dog demonstrate homologous arteries with segments of the human inferolateral trunk, and other skull base and brain arteries. Conclusion This investigation provides the only photographs in the literature of dissected human fetal cavernous carotid inferolateral trunks. A persistent primitive maxillary artery was not present in the dissected specimens and is a non-existent structure, likely a previously misidentified carotid inferolateral trunk. High-resolution micro-CT images of the dog visualized arteries that are homologous to segments of the human cavernous carotid inferolateral trunk artery.

Comparative characteristic of capillaries 5 layers of motor region of the person and rat brain ischemia

Aim – to reveal existence pf similarities and differences in reaction of capillaries of the 5th layer motor bark at experimental ischemia of at white brain rats and the relevant department of a brain of the person at chronic insufficiency blood supplies because of atherosclerotic damage of brain arteries. Material and methods: on 36 medicines of a brain of white rats at which the model of ischemia of body by bandaging of the left general sleepy was created arteries and 36 – from corpses of 55-90 years suffering from atherosclerotic damage of the arteries feeding a brain with reduction of diameter by 75-85% are studied by histologic techniques a condition of the capillary course of the 5th layer of bark of a motor zone of hemispheres. Results of a research and discussion: similar and not comparable distinction of changes of the microcirculation course of the fifth layer of bark of a motor zone are revealed and rats and the person in the conditions of brain ischemia. It is established that the capillary course at white rats, unlike the person, is steadier against ischemia. Conclusion. Results of the conducted research confirm a hypothesis of the progressing defeat of the microcirculation course of motor bark on to measure of reduction of diameter of brain arteries at the person, demand a certain care at extrapolation of results experiments to clinic.

TELENCEPHALON VASCULARITY IN DOG (Canis lupus f. familiaris)

The studies of the vascularization of the cerebrum in dog were performed on 80 cerebral hemispheres. It was found that the middle cerebral artery is the strongest vessel supplying blood to the cerebrum. The artery gets divided into ten permanent branches. Two olfactory arteries supply the region of the cerebrum located on the border between the old and the new cortex. The other eight supply the region of the new cortex: three branches aiming at the frontal lobe, two branches at the parietal lobe and three temporal branches aiming at temporal area. The frontal, parietal and temporal branches descended independently from the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery or formed a common trunk. Common trunks for respective groups of branches have been described as the rostral, dorsal and caudal middle cerebral artery. In 2.5% of cases there were two independent branches of the middle cerebral artery extending from the rostral cerebral artery.Key words: brain arteries; dog; vascularity; variability OŽILJENOST TELENCEFALONA PRI PSIH (Canis lupus f. familiaris)Izvleček: : Študije ožiljenosti možganov pri pseh so bile izvedene na 80 možganskih poloblah. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je srednja možganska arterija najmočnejša žila, ki dovaja kri v možgane. Arterija se razdeli na deset stalnih vej. Dve vohalni arteriji napajata predel možganov, ki se nahaja na meji med staro in novo možgansko skorjo. Ostalih osem arterij oskrbuje področje nove skorje: tri veje, ki potekajo do prednjega režnja, dve veji, ki potekata v parietalni reženj in tri temporalne veje, usmerjene v temporalno področje. Čelne, parietalne in temporalne veje so se razvejale neodvisno od glavnega debla srednje možganske arterije, ali pa so tvorile skupno deblo. Običajna debla za posamezne skupine vej so opisana kot rostralna, dorzalna in kavdalna srednja možganska arterija. V 2,5 odstotkih primerov sta obstajali dve neodvisni veji srednje možganske arterije, ki izhajata iz rostralne možganske arterije.Ključne besede: možganske arterije; pes; ožiljenost; raznolikost

NAC blocks Cystatin C amyloid complex aggregation in a cell system and in skin of HCCAA patients

Hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy is a dominantly inherited disease caused by a leucine to glutamine variant of human cystatin C (hCC). L68Q-hCC forms amyloid deposits in brain arteries associated with micro-infarcts, leading ultimately to paralysis, dementia and death in young adults. To evaluate the ability of molecules to interfere with aggregation of hCC while informing about cellular toxicity, we generated cells that produce and secrete WT and L68Q-hCC and have detected high-molecular weight complexes formed from the mutant protein. Incubations of either lysate or supernatant containing L68Q-hCC with reducing agents glutathione or N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) breaks oligomers into monomers. Six L68Q-hCC carriers taking NAC had skin biopsies obtained to determine if hCC deposits were reduced following NAC treatment. Remarkably, ~50–90% reduction of L68Q-hCC staining was observed in five of the treated carriers suggesting that L68Q-hCC is a clinical target for reducing agents.

Time is brain: timing of revascularization of brain arteries in stroke

Ischaemic stroke is the second leading cause of mortality and disability in the western world. Revascularization interventions are the cornerstone of the acute treatment of this pathology and must be administered as soon as possible after the patient’s arrival. They consist of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with alteplase, recommended by the guidelines within 4.5 h of the onset of symptoms, and endovascular treatment, recommended within 6 h of the onset of symptoms. The individualized patient selection based on the extent of the mismatch between the penumbra and the ischaemic core allowed to overcome the limits imposed by the rigid time windows, defining a benefit of mechanical revascularization therapies up to 24 h from the theoretical onset of symptoms (last time the patient was known to be well) and up to 9 h for IVT since the theoretical onset of symptoms (last time the patient was known to be well). Advanced neuroimaging methods with perfusion studies are a fundamental tool in patient selection. Their spread in the territory, together with a greater availability of neurovascular treatment units are desirable to ensure a fair delivery of treatment to all patients with ischaemic stroke.

Abstract TP481: Deep and Superficial Brain Arteries Flow Pattern Suggest Differential Risks to Systemic Hemodynamics

Introduction: Penetrating arteries supplying the basal ganglia and the brain stem are often affected by chronic hypertension whereas distal branching arteries supplying the brain convexity and corona radiata may be injured by hypoperfusion. We hypothesized that under equal systemic flow dynamics, distal branching brain arteries will have a lower pressure peak than penetrating arteries. Methods: We used an Anatomically Detailed Arterial Network (ADAN) model to predict pressure waveforms for brain and systemic arteries. The anatomical details were obtained from published literature and match for an average man, height of 170 cms and body surface area of 1.65 m2. Arterial length and radius were obtained from published literature for each organ. Standard governing equations for the flow of an incompressible fluid in compliant pipes are considered in each arterial segment. Proper coupling conditions at junctions are also postulated, as well as terminal Windkessel models. Results: Compared to systemic arteries, brain arteries have an early peak in flow and pressure, followed by a gradual decline in flow and pressure over time (figure 1). The posterior parietal artery has the lowest MAP and pulse pressure of the four brain arteries tested, even if the pulsatility and resistance indices remained relatively the same. Consequently, the pressure pulse peak for the posterior parietal artery hovers around 80 mmhg compared with approximately 110 mmHg for the lenticulostriate arteries and the middle cerebral and basilar arteries. Lenticulostriate arteries had similar hemodynamic profiles to the large artery branches of the circle of Willis. Conclusion: Penetrating brain arteries are susceptible to high pressure remodeling because of their immediate branching from a large artery, while distal cortical arteries are more susceptible to hypoperfusion. These regional susceptibilities to systemic hemodynamic may influence brain health and contribute to neurodegeneration.