Information systems in geotechnics

The article considers the information modeling of buildings together with the foundation within the information system and the stages of its implementation. The workflow for building a 3D geotechnical model includes surface relief data, field and laboratory test data, soil lithology, geometric characteristics of the foundation structure and load. Automated systems with processing and interpretation of test data are used to determine the characteristics of soils. Mathematical modeling of the behavior of the foundations of the foundations with various input data is performed using analytical solutions and numerical methods. The natural heterogeneity of soil properties and its impact on the behavior of buildings is estimated by the sensitivity indicator of the foundation-foundation system by introducing virtual workings between the existing normative ones and the subsequent calculation of the precipitation and roll of the foundation.

Numerical modeling of strong effects on ionospheric plasma

В работе представлены постановка задачи начальной стадии мощного антропогенного возмущения ионосферы для последующего вычисления высотно-временного распределения ионосферно-магнитосферных параметров. Данная задача имеет огромное значение в плане теоретического исследования таких возмущений на математических моделях изучаемой среды. Такие возмущения сопровождаются различными физико-химическими процессами, которые к настоящему времени плохо изучены. Основным источником сильных возмущений ионосферы являются мощные электромагнитные излучения (сильная солнечная вспышка, мощный ядерный взрыв). Такие электромагнитные возмущения могут вызывать сильнейшие глобальные перераспределение всей атмосферы Земли, которые к настоящему времени недостаточно надежно изучены, и одним из способов их изучения, является математическое моделирование. Приводится результаты вычислительного эксперимента начальной стадии ионизации нейтрального газа, которые могут помочь в дальнейшем исследовании такого процесса. The paper presents the formulation of the problem of the initial stage of a powerful anthropogenic disturbance of the ionosphere for the subsequent calculation of the altitude-time distribution of the ionosphere-magnetospheric parameters. This problem is of great importance in terms of the theoretical study of such perturbations on mathematical models of the studied environment. Such disturbances are accompanied by various physicochemical processes, which are poorly understood by now. The main source of strong disturbances in the ionosphere are powerful electromagnetic radiation (strong solar flare, powerful nuclear explosion). Such electromagnetic disturbances can cause the strongest global redistribution of the entire atmosphere of the Earth, which by now have not been sufficiently studied reliably, and one of the ways to study them is mathematical modeling. The results of a computational experiment of the initial stage of ionization of a neutral gas are presented, which can help in further investigation of such a process.

Simulation research of the strength of an engine mount in an aircraft piston diesel engine

The article presents strength simulations of a mount for mounting the test engine. Mounted on a stationary test stand, this mount consists of external fixings, fixings to stabilize the engine and tubular elements as a truss. These tubular elements are pipes made of seamless black steel. The material of the truss is S235JR steel. The article examines three different versions of the mount: mount no. 1 - initial mount, mount no. 2 - mount after a modification of pipe arrangement, mount no. 3 - mount after a modification of pipe wall thickness. For each version of the mount and subsequent calculation steps, the same boundary conditions and results legend were assumed. All calculations were made in Catia v5 in the Generative Structure Analysis module. To reflect the conditions prevailing during the engine operation on the test bench, the following conditions as mount load were adopted: gravity from the engine mass as 1000 N; engine thrust as 5000 N, and engine torque as 227 Nm. First, the model was pre-calculated to check the influence of mesh size on the obtained results. 2 mm parabolic tetrahedral elements were used in a computational grid. All subsequent steps of the mount modification showed a positive effect of reducing the maximum stress values or their mitigation as dispersion over a larger area. The changes made it possible to eliminate potentially dangerous areas of stress accumulation points. The material used has a strength several times greater than the stresses occurring in the tested elements. It was found that no further modifications to the mount are required and it is possible to use the created geometry on the test stand.

Prediction of Soc in Calcic Chernozem in the Steppe Zone of Ukraine Using Brightness and Colour Indicators

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component of any soil which determines many of its properties. Nowadays, more and more attention is being paid to the SOC content determination in soils by not using the conventional, time-consuming and expensive technique, but by using colour image processing of soil samples. In this case, even the camera of modern smartphones can be used as an image source, making this technique very convenient and practical. However, it is important to maintain certain standardised conditions (light intensity, light incidence angle, etc.) when capturing the images of soil samples. In our opinion, it is best to use a regular scanner for this purpose, with subsequent image processing by graphic programs (e.g., Adobe Photoshop). To increase the reliability of the colour information obtained in this way, it is desired (if possible) to use a spectrograph or a monochromator in the subsequent calculation of reflection or brightness ratios. It is these two approaches that we have implemented in our work. As a result of the experiment, the values of brightness ratios (at 480, 650 and 750 nm wavelengths and integral brightness ratio), colour indicators (the hue, saturation and value [HSV], red, green and blue [RGB], CIE L*a*b* and cyan, magenta, yellow and key [CMYK] systems) and SOC content in Calcic Chernozem samples of the steppe zone of Ukraine were obtained. Using correlation analysis of the dataset, the existence of direct (r = 0.88–0.90) and inverse close relationships (r = −0.75–0.90) between SOC, values of brightness ratios and colour indicators of the soil samples were established. This allows us to develop predictive models. Statistical analysis showed that the models were significant when they were based on the values of brightness ratios at 650 nm wavelength, integral brightness ratio, V indicator in HSV system, R, G and B indicators in RGB system, C, M and K indicators in CMYK system and L* and b* indicators in L*a*b* system. The subsequent calculation of variation coefficients showed that the largest variability was observed in SOC indicators (CV = 0.72) and slightly less variability in the K index of CMYK system and brightness ratio values at 650 nm wavelength (CV = 0.67 and 0.53, respectively). Based on this, we believe that the models y = 0.0188 + 0.0535*x (x is the value of the K index in CMYK system) and y = 5.0716 – 3.2255*log10(x) (x is the value of brightness ratio at 650 nm wavelength) were the most statistically significant and promising parameters for determining SOC content (y in these equations) in Calcic Chernozem samples of the steppe zone of Ukraine.

QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE COLOR PROXIMITY CRITERIA OF OBJECTS WITH KNOWN SPECTRA

The work is devoted to the problem of comparing objects by color. The following statement of the problem is considered: among the set of objects it is necessary to find such an object, the color of which is most similar to the color of the given object. It is assumed that for each object only its spectrum (transmission, reflection, radiation) is known, which is an exhaustive characteristic of the color of the object. In addition, the spectrum of the radiation source is assumed to be known. The use of standard methods for determining color differences has shown that the problem does not have an unambiguous solution. Two approaches to its solution have been proposed: the first is based on the transition from the spectrum to color spaces with the subsequent calculation of the Euclidean distance, and the second is based on a direct comparison of the spectra as functional dependences of the intensity on the wavelength. Within each of the approaches, two criteria for the "similarity" of objects in color are proposed, and an original approach to assessing the effectiveness of these criteria is proposed. This approach is based on the use of expert assessments of the color proximity of glass samples with known transmission spectra from a standard set. For each sample from the set, experts selected the glass closest in color from the remaining ones, after which a generalized opinion of experts was formed. To obtain an assessment of the quality of each of the criteria, for each of them and for each test glass, the remaining samples were ranked in order of increasing color distance to the given test glass. After that, the results of the criteria were compared with the generalized opinion of experts. To make the comparison result "fuzzy", for each test glass it was proposed to consider a set of five glasses closest in color (for each of the criteria). The resulting estimates of the effectiveness of each of the criteria for a set of 89 glasses are obtained and an approach to the construction of more effective complex criteria is proposed.

IDENTIFICATION OF DEFECTS SIZES EDDY-CURRENT CONTROl

A method is proposed for identifying the size of defects during eddy testing, which reduces the zones of uncertainty caused by errors in calculation and experiment. In order to reduce the uncertainty, as a criterion for comparing the theoretical and experimental dependences of the signal on the defect, one can use the difference in minimization of the squares of the deviation of the corresponding dependences. Using the method of simulating the signal of an eddy current transducer (ECP) from a defect, experiments were carried out in order to verify the method for identifying a characteristic size, a defect, with subsequent calculation of the customer’s risk.

Deep learning ferroelectric polarization distributions from STEM data via with and without atom finding

Over the last decade, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has emerged as a powerful tool for probing atomic structures of complex materials with picometer precision, opening the pathway toward exploring ferroelectric, ferroelastic, and chemical phenomena on the atomic scale. Analyses to date extracting a polarization signal from lattice coupled distortions in STEM imaging rely on discovery of atomic positions from intensity maxima/minima and subsequent calculation of polarization and other order parameter fields from the atomic displacements. Here, we explore the feasibility of polarization mapping directly from the analysis of STEM images using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). In this approach, the DCNN is trained on the labeled part of the image (i.e., for human labelling), and the trained network is subsequently applied to other images. We explore the effects of the choice of the descriptors (centered on atomic columns and grid-based), the effects of observational bias, and whether the network trained on one composition can be applied to a different one. This analysis demonstrates the tremendous potential of the DCNN for the analysis of high-resolution STEM imaging and spectral data and highlights the associated limitations.

A Pretreatment Method of Volterra the External Boundary Value Problem of Integral Differential Equations

In the process of traditional methods, the error rate of external boundary value problem is always at a high level, which seriously affects the subsequent calculation and cannot meet the requirements of current Volterra products. To solve this problem, Volterra's preprocessing method for the external boundary value problem of Integro differential equations is studied in this paper. The Sinc function is used to deal with the external value problem of Volterra Integro differential equation, which reduces the error of the external value problem and reduces the error of the external value problem. In order to prove the existence of the solution of the differential equation, when the existence of the solution can be proved, the differential equation is transformed into a Volterra integral equation, the Taylor expansion equation is used, the symplectic function is used to deal with the external value problem of homogeneous boundary conditions, and the uniform effective numerical solution of the external value problem of the equation is obtained by homogeneous transformation according to the non-homogeneous boundary conditions.

Towards autonomous event identifications in wave-equation traveltime inversion

We present a method to automatically relate events between observed and synthetic data for wave-equation traveltime (WT) inversion. The scheme starts with local similarity measurements by applying cross-correlation to localized traces. We then develop a differentiable alternative of the argmax function. By applying the differentiable argmax to each time slice of the local similarity map, we build a traveltime difference function but keep this process differentiable. WT inversion requires only the traveltime difference of related events through a phase shift. Thus, we must reject events that are not apparently related between observed and synthetic data. The local similarity map implies the possibility of doing so but shows abrupt changes with time and offset. To mitigate this problem, we introduce a dynamic programming algorithm to define a warping function. Wave packets between observed and synthetic data are assumed to be related if they are connected by this warping function, and they also exhibit high local similarity. Only such related events are considered in the subsequent calculation of misfit and adjoint source. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed method successfully retrieves an informative model from roughly selected data. In contrast, WT inversion based on cross-correlation or deconvolution fails to do so.

Express method for determining the mass fraction of table salt in hard cheeses

The process of pickling cheeses is an important industrial operation that actively affects proteolytic transformations with a ripening of cheese mass. The correction of the mass fraction of table salt in cheese mass allows adjusting the activity of the development of lactic acid microorganisms of a starter in it, which greatly affects the formation of sensorial, physical and chemical parameters of the finished product. Determination of the mass fraction of the table salt is an integral part of techno-chemical control of cheese production and requires significant promptness. Standardized methods for determining the mass fraction of the table salt in cheese mass are associated with time consuming laboratory studies (“Method with the silver nitrate”, “Method with a cationite”, etc.). The method of determining the content of table salt in the cheese mass of hard cheeses, this method having been approved in the department of butter and cheese making of the Institute of Food Resources NAAS, is based on the results of potentiometric measurements with the subsequent calculation according to the empirical formula and is reliable and not time consuming