Creative component of labor as main source of profit in innovative economics

10.12737/534 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Генкин ◽  
Boris Genkin
Keyword(s):  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Forming Mechanism ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
Activity Structure ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Time Expenditures

The analysis of conceptions that determine the sources of profit has been fulfilled. It has been proved that profit forming mechanism is based on human activity structure. It is expedient to single out three components in this structure: regulated (α-labour), creative (-labour) and spiritually-motivated (γ-labour). The α-labour result linearly depends on time and human energy expenditures. Unlike this the dependence of results related to creative and spiritually-motivated labour on time expenditures is not linear. It means that the new idea can increase labour productivity hundreds time more. The results related to activity of scientists, inventors, innovators exceed significantly their labour expenditures. The models of profit forming and distribution in the innovative economics are adduced in this article. Considerable attention has been paid to the role of entrepreneurs and heads of organizations in creation and distribution of added value (cost). The problem related to incomes ratio of enterprises’ social groups in modern economy is discussed in this aspect.

scholarly journals Debt and Sacrifice: The Role of Scapegoats in the Economic Crises

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Luis Enrique Alonso ◽  
Carlos J. Fernández Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Personal Bankruptcy ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
Standards Of Living

Despite the process of secularization and modernization, in contemporary societies, the role of sacrifice is still relevant. One of the spaces where sacrifice actually performs a critical role is the realm of modern economy, particularly in the event of a financial crisis. Such crises represent situations defined by an outrageous symbolic violence in which social and economic relations experience drastic transformations, and their victims end up suffering personal bankruptcy, indebtedness, lower standards of living or poverty. Crises show the flagrant domination present in social relations: this is proven in the way crises evolve, when more and more social groups marred by a growing vulnerability are sacrificed to appease financial markets. Inspired by the theoretical framework of the French anthropologist René Girard, our intention is to explore how the hegemonic narrative about the crisis has been developed, highlighting its sacrificial aspects.

ECONOMICS OF CLUSTERS IN INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Marcin Cywiński
Keyword(s):  
Innovative Activity ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Competitive Position ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
Institutional Infrastructure ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
New Ideas

Knowledge is decide about development of modern economy. Entrepreneurs who can use its resources they create more added value than competitors. So many political documents in UE or Poland shows on the special role of innovation as a key factor building the competitive position of enterprises but for now was no significant improvement in our position in this terms compared to other leading areas. An obstacle in introducing innovative technological and product solutions in enterprises is most of all high cost of developing and implementing them. Lack of developed legal and institutional infrastructure which favors the implementation of new ideas causes that investing in new services and creating new innovative ventures is too risky. The article attempts to assess the application of cluster initiatives for the development of innovative activity and making of innovation.

scholarly journals Dissecting the contribution of O-Antigen and proteins to the immunogenicity of Shigella sonnei generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Mancini ◽  
Gianmarco Gasperini ◽  
Omar Rossi ◽  
Maria Grazia Aruta ◽  
Maria Michelina Raso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Shigella Sonnei ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Protein Antigens ◽  
Outer Membranes ◽  
O Antigen ◽  
Membrane Antigens ◽  
Specific Igg

AbstractGMMA are exosomes released from engineered Gram-negative bacteria resembling the composition of outer membranes. We applied the GMMA technology for the development of an O-Antigen (OAg) based vaccine against Shigella sonnei, the most epidemiologically relevant cause of shigellosis. S. sonnei OAg has been identified as a key antigen for protective immunity, and GMMA are able to induce anti-OAg-specific IgG response in animal models and healthy adults. The contribution of protein-specific antibodies induced upon vaccination with GMMA has never been fully elucidated. Anti-protein antibodies are induced in mice upon immunization with either OAg-negative and OAg-positive GMMA. Here we demonstrated that OAg chains shield the bacteria from anti-protein antibody binding and therefore anti-OAg antibodies were the main drivers of bactericidal activity against OAg-positive bacteria. Interestingly, antibodies that are not targeting the OAg are functional against OAg-negative bacteria. The immunodominant protein antigens were identified by proteomic analysis. Our study confirms a critical role of the OAg on the immune response induced by S. sonnei GMMA. However, little is known about OAg length and density regulation during infection and, therefore, protein exposure. Hence, the presence of protein antigens on S. sonnei GMMA represents an added value for GMMA vaccines compared to other OAg-based formulations.

scholarly journals Assessing social preferences in reimbursement negotiations for new Pharmaceuticals in Oncology: an experimental design to analyse willingness to pay and willingness to accept

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik J. Wettstein ◽  
Stefan Boes
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Real World ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Patient Organisation ◽  
Patient Benefit

Abstract Background Price negotiations for specialty pharmaceuticals take place in a complex market setting. The determination of the added value of new treatments and the related societal willingness to pay are of increasing importance in policy reform debates. From a behavioural economics perspective, potential cognitive biases and other-regarding concerns affecting outcomes of reimbursement negotiations are of interest. An experimental setting to investigate social preferences in reimbursement negotiations for novel, oncology pharmaceuticals was used. Of interest were differences in social preferences caused by incremental changes of the patient outcome. Methods An online experiment was conducted in two separate runs (n = 202, n = 404) on the Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform. Populations were split into two (run one) and four (run two) equally sized treatment groups for hypothetical reimbursement decisions. Participants were randomly assigned to the role of a public price regulator for pharmaceuticals (buyer) or a representative of a pharmaceutical company (seller). In run two, role groups were further split into two different price magnitude framings (“real world” vs unconverted “real payoff” prices). Decisions had real monetary effects on other participants (in the role of premium payers or investors) and via charitable donations to a patient organisation (patient benefit). Results 56 (run one) and 59 (run two) percent of participants stated strictly monotone preferences for incremental patient benefit. The mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) against standard of care (SoC) was higher than the initial ICER of the SoC against no care. Regulators stated lower reservation prices in the “real world” prices group compared to their colleagues in the unconverted payoff group. No price group showed any reluctance to trade. Overall, regulators rated the relevance of the patient for their decision higher and the relevance of their own role lower compared to sellers. Conclusions The price magnitude of current oncology treatments affects stated preferences for incremental survival, and assigned responsibilities lead to different opinions on the relevance of affected stakeholders. The design is useful to further assess effects of reimbursement negotiations on societal outcomes like affordability (cost) or availability (access) of new pharmaceuticals and test behavioural policy interventions.

scholarly journals Secondary Forests and Agrarian Transitions: Insights from Nepal and Peru

Human Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Pain ◽  
Kristina Marquardt ◽  
Dil Khatri
Keyword(s):  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Agrarian Change ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Land Access ◽  
San Martín

AbstractWe provide an analytical contrast of the dynamics of secondary forest regeneration in Nepal and Peru framed by a set of common themes: land access, boundaries, territories, and rights, seemingly more secure in Nepal than Peru; processes of agrarian change and their consequences for forest-agriculture interactions and the role of secondary forest in the landscape, more marked in Peru, where San Martín is experiencing apparent agricultural intensification, than in Nepal; and finally processes of social differentiation that have consequences for different social groups, livelihood construction and their engagement with trees, common to both countries. These themes address the broader issue of the necessary conditions for secondary forest regeneration and the extent to which the rights and livelihood benefits of those actively managing it are secured.

scholarly journals Importance And Role Of Competence In Professional Career Of Product Develop Engineers

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Miltenović ◽  
Milan Banić ◽  
Vojislav Miltenović
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
New Product ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Improve Product Quality ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Optimum Utilization ◽  
Fierce Competition

Abstract Product development is a creative task where is systematically created a new product, which makes possible to firms to offer attractive, innovative and market oriented products. In conditions of fierce competition and saturated markets, companies that do not innovate are stagnating and disappear from the market. Innovation is therefore every intervention which can reduce production costs, enables optimum utilization of available human, energy and material resources, improve product quality, improve the placement, which leads to an increase in competitiveness. A prerequisite for fulfillment of the above-mentioned tasks is that the companies have engineers with the appropriate competencies, which are able to, through creativity, innovation and fascinating technique of creating new or improving existing products and lunch it on the market. The paper discusses the role and importance of the competences that are necessary for a successful professional career of product development engineers.

The will to give: charitable bequests, inter vivos gifts and community building in the Dutch Republic, c. 1600–1800

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELISE VAN NEDERVEEN MEERKERK
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Community Building ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
The Will ◽  
Charitable Bequests

ABSTRACTThis article explores the role of different social groups in early modern Dutch towns in organising and financing poor relief. Examining both the income structure of Dutch urban poor relief organisations and voluntary donations and bequests by citizens reveals what motivations lay behind their involvement, and how and why these changed over time. In the seventeenth century, ‘middle groups’ donated more often and higher mean amounts, reflecting their efforts to contribute to urban community building. In the eighteenth century, the elite became relatively more involved in charitable giving. Also, the urge to give to one's own religious group seems to have increased in this period.

scholarly journals The role of local primary healthcare units in increasing immunization uptake among children in vulnerable social groups through vaccination campaigns

2021 ◽  
pp. 100185
Author(s):  
Ourania Pinaka ◽  
Irini Spanou ◽  
Vassiliki Papadouli ◽  
Eustathia Papanikolaou ◽  
Fotios Gioulekas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document