scholarly journals Why During the Polish-Bolshevik War Did Soviet Propaganda Discourse Dominate European Public Opinion?

2022 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 35-70
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Julia Leinwand
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Great War ◽  
The West ◽  
European Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Great War

In 1919–20, a war took place between two states that had emerged at the end of the Great War: Soviet Russia and the reborn Republic of Poland. It was a clash of widely different legal, political, and ideological systems. The conflict took place not only on the military and diplomatic planes but also within propaganda. Upon taking power in Russia, the Bolsheviks, in their official speeches, presented themselves to the world as the defenders of peace and the sovereignty of all nations; the imperial aspirations of Soviet Russia were hidden under the slogans of a world revolution that would liberate oppressed peoples. The military and ideological conquest began with a concentrated focus on neighbouring countries, including Poland. At the same time, a suggestive propaganda message was sent to the West, setting out the course of events from Moscow’s point of view.

scholarly journals The Ukrainian Directorate and Entente Nations Representatives’ Negotiations in January March of 1919

2017 ◽  
pp. 84-106
Author(s):  
Nataliya Gorodnia
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Great War ◽  
The West ◽  
National State ◽  
Favorable Environment ◽  
French Military ◽  
Military Command ◽  
Military Support ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Great War

The paper studies the content and the matter of negotiations between the Directorate of the Ukrainian People’s Republic’s (the UNR) representatives and the allied (French) military command in Odessa, as well as the Entente nations’ leaders and diplomats in Paris in January-March of 1919. The author argues that a victory of the Entente nations in the Great War did not create a favorable environment for the foundation of an independent Ukrainian national state, for the victorious nations did not tolerate Russia’s disintegration. They did not recognize independence of Ukraine and had a negative attitude towards the Directorate. However, the latter’s control over the Ukrainian territory and its large and battle worthy army shaped a background for its engagement into the united front against bolshevism. During the negotiations in Odessa, the French military command offered a military support to the Directorate in exchange for protectorate of France over Ukraine for the period of war against Bolsheviks. The UNR representatives could hardly accept the terms, and the talks lasted for about two months. Meanwhile, the strategic situation in Ukraine had fundamentally changed. As soon as the Directorate has lost the territories it controlled and its army has been mostly dismissed, the Entente nations lost their interest in dealing with it. Instead, they focused on strengthening Poland and Romania to contain the Bolshevik expansion to the West. It is concluded that in January-March of 1919, the window of opportunities for Ukrainians existed to avoid Bolsheviks’ rule and to become a partner of victorious nations in containment of bolshevism. The cooperation could create other opportunities, especially if Soviet Russia survived. All along of the ineffectiveness and weakness of the regime of the Directorate, the historic chance has been lost.

scholarly journals Nadvojvoda Evgen 1863-1954

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-213
Author(s):  
Gregor Antoličič
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Great War ◽  
World War ◽  
The South ◽  
Military Career ◽  
The Core ◽  
South West ◽  
The World ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Great War

ARCHDUKE EUGEN 1863–1954In the article Archduke Eugen 1863–1954 the author deals with the basic biography of Archduke Eugen from his birth until the first months after the Italian involvement into World War I. Archduke Eugen was born in 1863 as a member of the Habsburg dynasty. During his lifetime Eugen achieved a magnificent military career, culminating during the World War I. In fact, after Oskar Potiorek had left the position of the Commander of the Balkan Army, Eugen became his successor. Archduke Eugen remained in this position until May 1915, when Italy entered the war. At this time he became the Commander of the newly-established Command of the South-West Front. From the Slovenian perspective this fact matters not only because the Isonzo Front was under this Command, but also because between May 1915 and March 1916 as well as between March 1917 and November 1917 the headquarters of the Command of the South-West Front were located in the Slovenian city of Maribor. Because of the presence of this Command during the Great War, this city by the river Drava attained an exceptional position in comparison with other Slovenian cities. Archduke Eugen and the renowned Svetozar Boroević von Bojna represent the key protagonists of the organisation and implementation of military actions on the Isonzo battlefield. The core of this article consists of the presentation of the military career of Archduke Eugen, which led him to attain important positions since the beginning of World War I. At the same time the article represents a foundation for the further research of Archduke Eugen's activities during World War I.

UNFINISHED BUSINESS: REMEMBERING THE GREAT WAR BETWEEN TRUTH AND REENACTMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 119-140
Author(s):  
Jay Winter
Keyword(s):  
Performing Arts ◽  
Living History ◽  
Great War ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Unfinished Business ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Historical Reenactment ◽  
The World ◽  
The Great War

AbstractThis paper analyses the phenomenon of historical reenactment of Great War battles as an effort to create what is termed ‘living history’. Thousands of people all over the world have participated in such reenactments, and their number increased significantly during the period surrounding the centenary of the outbreak of the Great War. Through a comparison with representations of war in historical writing, in museums and in the performing arts, I examine the claim of reenactors that they can enter into historical experience. I criticise this claim, and show how distant it is from those who do not claim to relive history but (more modestly) to represent it. In their search for ‘living history’, reenactors make two major errors. They strip war of its political content, and they sanitise and trivialise combat.

Patriotic Gifts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Grillot
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Great War ◽  
Historical Anthropology ◽  
Interracial Interactions ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Great War

This chapter looks at these interracial interactions from the point of view of Indians in an effort at writing a historical anthropology of Indian patriotism. At the core of Indians' military participation and commemoration of the Great War, the practice of giving, to non-Indians or to Indians, to outsiders or to insiders, to family members or to complete strangers, structured the expression of patriotism in Indian communities. Examining Memorial and Armistice Days, in particular, this chapter looks at the role these holidays played in allowing Indians to maintain boundaries with their white neighbors and develop a series of adaptations of patriotic symbols and ceremonies that acclimatized patriotism for reservation life on an unprecedented scale.

scholarly journals Szerb hadifoglyok Bihar vármegyében, 1914–1920

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-41
Author(s):  
Oszkár Gorcsa
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Treatment ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The World ◽  
The Great War

The World War can be justifiably called the great seminal catastrophe of the 20th century, because the war that should have ended every further war, just disseminated the seeds of another cataclysm. From this point of view it is comprehensible why lots of historians deal with the named period. Numerous monographies and articles that deal with the destructing and stimulating eff ect of the Great War have seen the light of day. However, the mentioned works usually have serious defi cenceis, as most of them deal only with the battlefi elds, and a small proportion deals with the question of everyday life and hinterland, and the ordeals of the POWs are superfi cially described. In case of Hungary, the more serious researches related to POWs only started at the time of the centenary. This is why we can still read in some Serbian literatures about the people annihilating endeavors of the „huns” of Austria–Hungary. My choice of subject was therefore justified by the reasons outlined above. In my presentation I expound on briefly introducing the situations in the austro–hungarian POW camps. Furthermore, the presentation depicts in detail the everyday life, the medical and general treatment, clothing supply, the question of the minimal wages and working time of the prisoner labour forces. Lastly, I am depicting the problem of escapes and issues dealing POWs marriage and citizenship requests.

War, Labor, and Gasoline in “Carcassonne”

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Michael Zeitlin
Keyword(s):  
Great War ◽  
Personal Privacy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Poetic Vision

The story's poetic vision of a young man who sees a horse has often been associated with Faulkner's personal privacy, a mysterious and opaque realm that Faulkner criticism has long attempted to penetrate. In this chapter,Michael Zeitlin reads the story's representation of privacy and poetic subjectivity as an "ideological reflex and echo," in Marx's phrase, of material and economic realities dominated by the Standard Oil Company.A young vagrant, a veteran aviator of the Great War, lies in his garret and dreams of "a buckskin pony with eyes like blue electricity and a mane like tangled fire, galloping up the hill and right off into the high heaven of the world."The Pegasus pony, the knight-aviator, the dream of soaring free from earth toward apotheosis-these motifs from Faulkner circa 1918-1927 all promise a transcendence that never fully arrives, ultimately yielding to the exigencies of the mundane, the immanent, the economic:earthbound labor, earthbound energy, earthbound modernity.

The Great War

2000 ◽  
pp. 151-172
Author(s):  
Peter N. Davies
Keyword(s):  
West African ◽  
Great War ◽  
The West ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

This chapter describes the First World War’s effect on British shipping and West African trade. It discusses shipping losses and incidents, and describes the consequences of the end of trade with Germany and Austria; the closure of the Baltic and Black seas; congestion at ports; and the strain and depletion of ships. The chapter also reports the collapse of the West African Shipping Conference at the beginning of the war and describes the ways in this affected Elder Dempster and the Lever Brothers.

Understanding the World

2020 ◽  
pp. 259-288
Author(s):  
Stephen Gaukroger
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Great War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Great War

Philosophy was redefined at the end of the nineteenth century in response to claims that science exhausted everything that could be known, and that consequently philosophy could no longer continue to play any role in our understanding of the world. In finding a new role for philosophy, the Neo-Kantians construed it as form of clarification and systematization of science. The argument was that the legitimacy of science as the pre-eminent form of understanding the world depended on its unity, but it could not establish this relying on its own resources: for that, philosophy, qua theory of the foundations of science, was needed. Philosophy completes science, by establishing its unity on an a priori basis. But Neo-Kantian attempts to ‘ground’ science in philosophy raise the question whether philosophy is best placed to provide such grounding, and these questions came to a head in the wake of the Great War.

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