Early States and Power in the Baltic Sea Region (8th–11th Centuries): A Comparative Study

The aim of the article is to trace the emergence and the development of the early states of the Scandinavians, the Polabian and the Pomeranian Slavs and to investigate their main power centers. The author relies on previous research, uses theoretical achievements of historical anthropology and combines them with comparative methodology to study both archaeological and written sources. This approach allows to establish distinct political typologies in the region, namely various types of chiefdoms and principalities. The paper illuminates similar and mostly simultaneous trajectories of the evolution of those polities, emphasizes the role of central places in the respective political systems and in the governing mechanisms. During the late 8th – the early 11th centuries there had existed complex chiefdoms and chiefdom confederacies, which slowly declined towards the end of the period.

Leisure in Time Budgets of Soviet Citizens in1920s — Early 1930s

The issues of studying the time budgets of various categories of the Soviet population in the 1920s — early 1930s is examined in the article. Special attention is paid to the role of leisure in the everyday life of the Soviet person and the reasons for its insufficient prevalence. The results of a comparative analysis of materials on the study of the role of leisure in the time budgets of workers, students, engineers, party workers are presented. The question is raised about the difference in the place of leisure in the time budgets between men and women, as well as residents of capitals and provinces. The provisions and methods of historical anthropology, the history of everyday life and leisure, problem-chronological and comparative-historical methods are used the article. A review of the general and specific features for various categories of the population in the time spent on leisure has been carried out. An assessment of the degree of representativeness of the results of the studies of time budgets carried out in the period under consideration is given. It is concluded that the time that the legislation relied on for rest in practice was either engaged in work or wasted unproductively. It was proved that the main reasons for this were the irregularity of the working day, additional work and irrational organization of free time.

On the formation of the phenomenon of the power of the moscow dynasty through the prism of historical anthropology (late 14th – first half of the 15th centuries)

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of the formation of the ideology of the Moscow principality. The purpose of this study is to identify the ideological origins and features of the formation of the ideology of the rule of the Moscow sovereigns at the end of the XIV the first half of the XV centuries. To achieve this goal, the historian, firstly, draws on a wide range of sources, which will demonstrate the scale of changes in the theoretical foundations and ways of representing the power of the Moscow princes; secondly, the author took the principles of studying the phenomenon of power formulated by representatives of the Russian direction of historical anthropology as the basis for the research program of this article. Using the advantages of the existing approach, the researcher determined which ideas, images, forms and mechanisms were used to consolidate in the minds of contemporaries new ideas about the constantly expanding powers of power of the Moscow princes. The article concludes that the created great-power image of the Moscow rulers laid the ideological foundation for the growth of the political power of the Moscow principality.

Battlefield diary as a source for war-anthropological research (based on the ego-documents of submarine sailor G.I. Sennikov)

The research is relevant due to the fact that historical, anthropological and psychological study of new ego-documents provides a significant resource for understanding the present time and social forecasting. The purpose of the article is to study ego-documents written during the Great Patriotic War by G.I. Sennikov, the submarine sailor of the Northern Fleet, with the help of contemporary historical, anthropological and psychological approaches. The research of this source of private origin was proven to be productive in the context of principal directions and key issues of war-historical anthropology: psychology of combat and combatants, soldiers’ fatalism, the psychology of the interpersonal interactions of service members, psychology of the war-time daily routine, history of emotions. The biographical method allowed to reconstruct the life story of Georgiy Sennikov, his comrades-in-arms and commanding officers back, and moreover, to present the events of the Great Patriotic War as a defining moment of his life and creative work.

ПРАВОСЛАВНІ ПАРАФІЯЛЬНІ ГРОМАДИ ЯК ОСЕРЕДКИ КОНТРОЛЮ ЗА ШЛЮБНОЮ МОБІЛЬНІСТЮ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ XVIII ‒ ПЕРШОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ ХІХ ст.

The Purpose of the Research. The article focuses on the issue of the territorial affiliation of people to the Orthodox parish communities; they controlled the marital mobility of the Ukrainian population of the 18th ‒ the first half of the 19th centuries primarily to prevent illegal weddings and births. The Methodology of the Research. The construction of a generalized image of the Orthodox parish communities took place at the rational and emotional levels of knowledge, but at the same time based on the principle of objectivity. Interdisciplinary strategies of historical anthropology, the methods of critical, structural analysis and the method of sources deconstruction have been used. Interpretations and conclusions are based on the materials of seven archival institutions and documentation of a directive administrative, informational and publishing direction. The Scientific Novelty. The presentation of a new look at the Orthodox communities at the same time exposed the pressing social problems of the period under study, some of which are relevant today: begging, profligacy, crime, illegal weddings and childbearing, infanticide, family breakdown due to the departure of one of the married couple to earn money or sale serfs and, etc. The Conclusions. In the XVIIIth century witness documentation was introduced, which allowed the population to migrate and get married legally. According to a civil law, the marriage registration by parishioners who were the bride or groom, was supposed to take place in the churches. People acquired membership in the new parish in the context of the issuance of the relevant permission documents in connection with the relocation, the redeployment of military units, the remoteness of the parish church from society, the unsatisfactory state of the church premises for worship, and etc. Significant factors that led to significant population movements and possible violations of matrimonial requirements were the salary movement of the common people and the flight of serfs. In the marriage case of dependent peasants of different owners and changes in the arrival of the bride-serfs, they had to submit manumission, letters of sale and purchase of peasants, or documents, which testified to releasing a person from serfdom.

Interpretation of the teaching of cultural disciplines in the recent period of historical development

В России периодически появляются публикации, посвященные определению предметного поля культурологии, ее междисциплинарным связям, нерешенным проблемам научного становления культурологии. Новые способы интерпретации истории, которые предложили французские исследователи, сначала вызвали почти паническое утверждение о том, что как наука «история исчезает», но впоследствии пришли к переходу от «истории-события» к «истории-проблеме», к появлению и успешному развитию истории ментальности, микроистории, исторической антропологии, истории повседневной жизни и др. История мировой художественной культуры, история искусств, история художественной культуры, история мировых религий как учебные дисциплины сегодня в России сохраняются только на узкоспециализированных факультетах. На протяжении нескольких десятилетий кардинально изменился сам характер общекультурной эрудиции более или менее образованного человека. Традиционная устоявшаяся совокупность знаний, которая была обязательной для гуманитария или негуманитария, существенно трансформировалась за счет сокращения собственно гуманитарной, художественной сферы. Хотя ради справедливости стоит заметить, что современные технологии значительно упростили доступ к культурным достижениям. Каждый раз увеличивается и количество, и качество интернет-ресурсов мировых музеев, библиотек, архивов. В последнее время начали проводить конференции и публиковать итоговые коллективные монографии, цель которых – практически продемонстрировать современный профессиональный уровень культурологических исследований. Одним из последних примеров является коллективная монография (скорее сборник статей) 2019 г. «Наука о культуре: культурология, культуроведение, Cultural Studies, culturology». Безусловно, в сборнике есть хорошие, профессиональные научные публикации, которые заслуживают отдельного обстоятельного рецензирования. In Russia, there are periodically published publications devoted to the definition of the subject field of cultural studies, its interdisciplinary connections, and unresolved problems of the scientific formation of cultural studies. The new ways of interpreting history proposed by the French researchers first caused an almost panicked statement that as a science "history disappears", but later came to the transition from "history-event" to "history-problem", to the emergence and successful development of the history of mentality, microhistory, historical anthropology, the history of everyday life, etc. The history of world art culture, the history of art, the history of art culture, the history of world religions as academic disciplines today in Russia are preserved only in highly specialized faculties. Over the course of several decades, the very nature of the general cultural erudition of a more or less educated person has changed dramatically. The traditional, well-established body of knowledge, which was mandatory for the humanities or non-humanitarians, was significantly transformed by reducing the actual humanitarian, artistic sphere. Although for the sake of justice, it is worth noting that modern technologies have greatly simplified access to cultural achievements. Each time, the number and quality of Internet resources of world museums, libraries, and archives increases. Recently, we have started to hold conferences and publish final collective monographs, the purpose of which is to practically demonstrate the modern professional level of cultural studies. One recent example is a collective monograph (rather a collection of articles) two thousand nineteen "The science of culture: cultural Studies, cultural Studies, cultural Studies". Of course, there are good, professional scientific publications in the collection that deserve a separate thorough review.

Military-Historical Anthropology: Vectors of Theoretical Polemic in Russian and English Historiography

A classification of theoretical approaches in military-historical anthropology is proposed. The authors note that social constructivism prevails in English-language historiography as a whole, while in Russian studies an existential approach does. It is shown that the socio-cultural direction and the phenomenology of the front-line experience have recently begun to play an increasing role. It is concluded that a theoretical analysis of the differences between these approaches allows not only to identify their strengths and problematic sides, but also to outline the prospects for interaction between them. The authors note that the most promising today is the setting for the participation of representatives of the academic community in joint cultural practices of representing the front-line experience with combatants, which makes it possible to make the dialogue between the phenomenology of front-line experience and the socio-cultural approach the most productive. It is argued that within the framework of such a dialogue, the question of the relationship between normative social structures and local practices should not be reduced to a previously known answer. It is emphasized that it makes sense not to level out or radically absolutize the theoretical tension between the indicated approaches, but to work it out — to look for points of practical interaction and modification of existing strategies for comprehending the past.