scholarly journals Dynamics of pathomorphological changes in the structural organization of the intervertebral disc at the end of the seventh and fourteenth day of experimental opioid exposure at the ultrastructural level

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 427-437
Author(s):  
M. V. Pankiv ◽  
Ye. V. Paltov ◽  
Z. Z. Masna ◽  
I. V. Chelpanova ◽  
M. Ye. Kovalska
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Dibutyl Ether ◽  
Spine Pathology ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

In general, the modern literature pays attention to the issues of spine pathology and intervertebral discs. A significant percentage of vertebral disorders - scoliosis, osteochondrosis, spinal disc herniation, etc., occur as a result of exposure to various factors and manifest in changes of the intervertebral discs. The aim of our work was to study at the ultrastructural level the features of pathomorphological manifestations in the structural components of the intervertebral disc at the end of the seventh and fourteenth days of experimental opioid exposure. Materials and methods of research. The objects of the study were 32 sexually mature, white, male rats, weighing 92 - 103 g, aged 4.5 months. Animals were injected with nalbupine intramuscularly once daily (at 10-11 a.m.) for 14 days. The initial dose of nalbuphine was 8 mg/kg during the first week, 15 mg/kg during the second week. It created the conditions of chronic opioid exposure. Before sampling, the animals were withdrawn from the experiment using dibutyl ether. Intervertebral discs of rats were used as a material for ultrastructural study. Ultrastructural specimens were prepared according to the accepted methods. The results of the study. As a result of the sampling after 7 days of opioid exposure we found inhomogeneous osmiophilicity and compaction of the nucleus pulposus matrix in which intensively accumulated osmiophilic grains of glycogen proteoglycans, increased the number of collagen fibers, some of them were heterogeneous. It was also noted the development of moderate degenerative changes in some notochondral cells, which was accompanied by increased vacuolization of the cytoplasm by inhomogeneous compaction of the nucleus and an increase of heterochromatin there. After 14 days necrotic changes in the cells of the nucleus pulposus, as well as the destruction of collagen fibers of the annulus fibrosus were found. In particular, an increase in the amount of heterochromatin in the nucleui of notochondral cells, which was accompanied by a decrease in the volume of the nucleui and inhomogeneous swelling of the cytoplasm. Active fibroblasts were often visualized in the annulus fibrosus. Intense osmiophilicity and thickening of collagen fibers of the annulus fibrosus were observed in some areas of the fibrous ring. Focal destruction of collagen fibers was also noted. In the areas of destruction the fibrils of collagen fibers disintegrated into an inhomogeneous fine-grained stratified mass and were located loosely. Conclusions. At the end of the first week we found that the cytoplasmic processes of chondrocytes decreased in volume, shortened, underwent fragmentation and destruction, some of them detached from the surface of the plasmolemma. At the end of the second week signs of opioid exposure progressed and manifested by an increase in the destruction of cytoplasmic processes in chondrocytes. Also focal destruction of collagen fibers was noted.

scholarly journals Early differentation of lamellar structure of the intervertebral disc in staged human embryos

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Witold Woźniak ◽  
Małgorzata Grzymisławska ◽  
Joanna Łupicka ◽  
Małgorzata Bruska ◽  
Adam Piotrowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Lateral Zone ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
Dense Zone

Introduction. In the vast literature concerning the development of the intervertebral discs controversies exist as to the period of differentiation and structure of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus. These controversies result from different determination of age of the investigated embryos. Aim. Using embryos from departmental collection age of which was established according to international Carnegie staging and expressed in postfertilizational days, the differentiation of the intervertebral discs was traced. Material and methods. Study was performed on 34 embryos at developmental stages 13–23 (32–56 days). Embryos were serially sectioned in sagittal, frontal and horizontal planes. Sections were stained with various histological methods and impregnated with silver.Results. Division of sclerotomes into loose cranial and dense caudal zones (sclerotomites) was observed in embryos aged 32 days (stage 13). The intervertebral disc developed from the dense zone of sclerotome and was well recognized in embryos aged 33 days (stage 14). At the end of fifth week (embryos at stage 15, 36 days) the annulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus were seen. The annulus fibrosus differentiated into lateral and medial zones. Within the lateral zone cells were arranged into circular rows. These rows were considered as the first stage of laminar structure. In further developmental stages the laminae occupied both zones of the annulus fibrosus.Conclusions. The intervertebral discs develop from the dense zone of the sclerotome which is evident in embryos at stage 13 (32 days). Discs differentiate in embryos aged 33 days, when the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus are recognized. In embryos aged 36 days in the annulus fibrosus circular rows forming laminar arrangement are seen.

Effects of Swelling Conditions on the Compressive Properties of Nucleus Pulposus From Bovine Intervertebral Discs

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Korda ◽  
Delphine Perie ◽  
James C. Iatridis
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Compressive Loading ◽  
Collagen Matrix ◽  
High Water ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Outer Annulus Fibrosus

The intervertebral disc provides flexibility and load support for the spine. It consists of two main regions; the outer annulus fibrosus which is a highly organized collagen matrix and the inner nucleus pulposus which (in a healthy disc) is a proteoglycan rich gelatinous material. The predominant mode of loading on the intervertebral disc is axial compression, which generates hydrostatic pressures within the disc. The high water content of the nucleus plays a major role in supporting these loads. With age and degeneration, the water content of the nucleus changes, and is believed to significantly impact its ability to bear load. The purpose of this study therefore, was to define the effects of swelling conditions (which affect disc hydration) on the material properties of the disc under compressive loading.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Immuno-Histochemical Localization of Type IIA Procollagen in Annulus Fibrosus of Mature Bovine Intervertebral Disc

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey McAlinden ◽  
David M Hudson ◽  
Aysel A Fernandes ◽  
Soumya Ravindran ◽  
Russell J Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Matrix Composition ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Post Translational Modification

For next generation tissue-engineered constructs and regenerative medicine to succeed clinically, the basic biology and extracellular matrix composition of tissues that these repair techniques seek to restore have to be fully determined. Using the latest reagents coupled with tried and tested methodologies, we continue to uncover previously undetected structural proteins in mature intervertebral disc. In this study we show that the ″embryonic″ type IIA procollagen isoform (containing a cysteine-rich amino propeptide) was biochemically detectable in the annulus fibrosus of both calf and mature steer intervertebral discs, but not in the nucleus pulposus where the type IIB isoform was predominantly localized. Specifically, the triple-helical type IIA procollagen isoform immunolocalized in the outer margins of the inner annulus fibrosus. Triple helical processed type II collagen exclusively localized within the inter- lamellae regions and with type IIA procollagen in the intra-lamellae regions. Mass spectrometry of the a1(II) collagen chains from the region where type IIA procollagen localized showed high 3-hydroxylation of Proline-944, a post- translational modification that is correlated with thin collagen fibrils as in the nucleus pulposus. The findings implicate small diameter fibrils of type IIA procollagen in select regions of the annulus fibrosus where it likely contributes to the organization of collagen bundles and structural properties within the type I- type II collagen transition zone.

Intervertebral Disc Morphology in Cervical Spine Biomechanics

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srirangam Kumaresan ◽  
Frank A. Pintar ◽  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Phaladone J. Khouphongsy ◽  
Joseph F. Cusick
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
Histological Images

Abstract Although qualitative descriptions of degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc components have been reported, methods to quantify these changes are lacking. A methodology was developed in this study to quantify the three-dimensional geometrical variations of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. Fresh isolated intervertebral discs with adjacent vertebral bodies of skeletally mature young and old adult primates were sectioned sequentially, and different staining methods were used to distinguish the annulus and nucleus. Histological images were examined using light microscopy and exported to a computer to trace the boundaries of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. Dorsal to ventral depth, medial to lateral width, and caudal to cranial height measurements of the nucleus pulposus and its relative location to the annulus pulposus were obtained. In the young adult, the nucleus was translucent with scattered notochordal cells. In the older adult, the nucleus appeared as a dense region of amorphous, irregular collagen material. A higher geometrical variation of nucleus due to degeneration was noted in the sagittal plane compared to coronal plane. Determination of the three-dimensional geometrical variations and histology analyses will assist mathematical modelers to better define the disc to study the biomechanics of the cervical spine.

Quantitative Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Image Sagittal T2 Mapping in Lumbar Spine Classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2855-2860
Author(s):  
Lianta Su ◽  
Jianlong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
T2 Mapping ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Disc Classification ◽  
Value Changes

Objective: To evaluate the significance of T2 value changes of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus in intervertebral disc degeneration, and to discuss feasibility and effectivity of intervertebral disc classification through MRI sagittal T2 mapping (specifically based on sagittal multi-echo SE sequence T2 mapping). Methods : 35 healthy volunteers (including 20 males and 15 females, aged 20 to 48, average age is 36.8) were randomly selected and their intervertebral discs of L3/L4, L4/L5 and L5/S1, with a sum-up of 90 discs, were scanned by sagittal MRI using routine FSE sequence as well as multi-echo SE sequence. T2 mapping was handled by image post-processing and each intervertebral disc was classified. T2 values of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus were measured and statistical analysis were performed to study the relationship between T2 values and ages, disc grades or disc locations. Results: In classification through MRI sagittal T2 mapping, the disc grade increased along with the decrease of disc location or the increase of age. T2 value of nucleus pulposus decreased along with the increase of age (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in T2 mean values of nucleus pulposus of different grades (P < 0.05). Conclusion: MRI sagittal T2 mapping provides us with a classification of intervertebral disc based on T2 values. Through evaluation of T2 mapping and measurement of T2 values of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus, early stage degeneration of intervertebral disc can be monitored and the its relationship with relevant factors can be studied.

scholarly journals Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Warmblood Horses: Morphology, Grading, and Distribution of Lesions

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelmina Bergmann ◽  
Niklas Bergknut ◽  
Stefanie Veraa ◽  
Andrea Gröne ◽  
Hans Vernooij ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ◽  
Thoracolumbar Spine ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Vertebral Bone ◽  
Cleft Formation

Equine intervertebral disc degeneration is thought to be rare and of limited clinical relevance, although research is lacking. To objectively assess pathological changes of the equine intervertebral disc and their clinical relevance, description of the normal morphology and a practical, biologically credible grading scheme are needed. The objectives of this study are to describe the gross and histological appearance of the equine intervertebral discs and to propose a grading scheme for macroscopic degeneration. Spinal units from 33 warmblood horses were grossly analyzed and scored. Of the 286 intervertebral discs analyzed, 107 (37%) were assigned grade 1 and grade 2 (considered normal) and were analyzed histologically. A nucleus pulposus and an annulus fibrosus could be identified macroscopically and histologically. Histologically, the nucleus pulposus was composed of a cartilaginous matrix and the annulus fibrosus of parallel collagenous bands. A transition zone was also histologically visible. Intra- and inter-observer reliability scores were high for all observers. Higher grades were associated with greater age. Gross changes associated with equine intervertebral disc degeneration (grades 3–5)—that is, yellow discoloration, cleft formation (tearing), and changes in consistency of the nucleus pulposus—were largely similar to those in humans and dogs and were most prevalent in the caudal cervical spine. Equine intervertebral disc degeneration was not associated with osteophyte formation. Changes of the vertebral bone were most common in the thoracolumbar spine but were not correlated with higher grades of intervertebral disc degeneration. Thus, changes of the vertebral bone should be excluded from grading for equine intervertebral disc degeneration.

A Comparative Study of the Composition of Discs and of Proteoglycans from Different Spinal Levels of Sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ghosh ◽  
T. K. F. Taylor ◽  
Louise McAuley ◽  
J. Melrose
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Spinal Level ◽  
Vertebral Disc

SummaryCompositional analyses were undertaken on lumbar (L2L3 - L5L6) and lumbosacral (L6S1) intervertebral disc tissues from young adult (2-year-old) merino wethers. The proteoglycan level in the nucleus pulposus of the lumbosacral disc was significantly lower than that found in the nucleus pulposus of lumbar levels (p<0.05). The annulus fibrosus was richer in collagen compared to the nucleus pulposus in all discs examined, and the lumbosacral disc consistently had both higher annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus collagen levels than lumbar discs (p<0.05). Aggregation of the high buoyant density proteoglycans, with hyaluronic acid, was generally higher in annulus fibrosus proteogly-cans than nucleus pulposus proteogly-cans irrespective of the spinal level examined. Examination of the inter-vertebral disc proteoglycans, by composite agarose polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, demonstrated three proteoglycan subpopulations and that the nucleus pulposus generally contained a greater proportion of higher mobility more polydisperse proteoglycan species than the annulus fibrosus.Ovine intervertebral disc collagen and proteoglycan composition varies with spinal level. Lumbosacral intervertebral discs contain greater levels of non-aggregatable more polydisperse proteoglycan species than lumbar discs, which may reflect their relative proximities to the pelvis and the variable levels of stress experienced by the respective tissues.

scholarly journals Disordered Mechanical Stress and Tissue Engineering Therapies in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runze Zhao ◽  
Wanqian Liu ◽  
Tingting Xia ◽  
Li Yang
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Body Motion

Low back pain (LBP), commonly induced by intervertebral disc degeneration, is a lumbar disease with worldwide prevalence. However, the mechanism of degeneration remains unclear. The intervertebral disc is a nonvascular organ consisting of three components: Nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and endplate cartilages. The disc is structured to support our body motion and endure persistent external mechanical pressure. Thus, there is a close connection between force and intervertebral discs in LBP. It is well established that with aging, disordered mechanical stress profoundly influences the fate of nucleus pulposus and the alignment of collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus. These support a new understanding that disordered mechanical stress plays an important role in the degeneration of the intervertebral discs. Tissue-engineered regenerative and reparative therapies are being developed for relieving disc degeneration and symptoms of lower back pain. In this paper, we will review the current literature available on the role of disordered mechanical stress in intervertebral disc degeneration, and evaluate the existing tissue engineering treatment strategies of the current therapies.

The Influence of Axial Compression on the Cellular and Mechanical Function of Spinal Tissues; Emphasis on The Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McMorran ◽  
Diane Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Axial Compression ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ◽  
Chronic Back Pain ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Mechanical Function

Abstract In light of the correlation between chronic back pain and intervertebral disc degeneration, this literature review seeks to illustrate the importance of the hydraulic response across the nucleus pulposus- annulus fibrosus interface, by synthesizing current information regarding injurious biomechanics of the spine, stemming from axial compression. Damage to vertebrae, endplates, the nucleus pulposus, and the annulus fibrosus, can all arise from axial compression, depending on the segment's posture, the manner in which it is loaded, and the physiological state of tissue. Therefore, this movement pattern was selected to illustrate the importance of the bracing effect of a pressurized nucleus pulposus on the annulus fibrosus, and how injuries interrupting support to the annulus fibrosus may contribute to intervertebral disc degeneration.

scholarly journals Evaluation of apoptotic cell death in normal and chondrodystrophic canine intervertebral discs

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Klauser ◽  
Franck Forterre ◽  
Marcus Doherr ◽  
Andreas Zurbriggen ◽  
David Spreng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Discogenic Pain ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Chondroid Metaplasia ◽  
Related Increase

Disc degeneration occurs commonly in dogs. A variety of factors is thought to contribute an inappropriate disc matrix that isolate cells in the disc and lead to apoptosis. Disc herniation with radiculopathy and discogenic pain are the results of the degenerative process. The objective of this prospective study was to determine the extent of apoptosis in intact and herniated intervertebral discs of chondrodystrophic dogs and non-chondrodystrophic dogs. In addition, the nucleus pulposus (NP) was histologically compared between non-chondrodystrophic and chondrodystrophic dogs. Thoracolumbar intervertebral discs and parts of the extruded nucleus pulposus were harvested from 45 dogs. Samples were subsequently stained with haematoxylin-eosin and processed to detect cleaved caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. A significant greater degree of apoptosis was observed in herniated NPs of chondrodystrophic dogs compared to non- chondrodystrophic dogs with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved caspase- 3 detection. Within the group of chondrodystrophic dogs, dogs with an intact disc and younger than 6 years showed a significant lower incidence of apoptosis in the NP compared to the herniated NP of chondrodystrophic dogs. The extent of apoptosis in the annulus fibrosus was not different between the intact disc from chondrodystrophic and non- chondrodystrophic dogs. An age-related increase of apoptotic cells in NP and annulus fibrosus was found in the intact non-herniated intervertebral discs. Histologically, absence of notochordal cells and occurrence of chondroid metaplasia were observed in the nucleus pulposus of chondrodystrophic dogs. As a result, we found that apoptosis plays a role in disc degeneration in chondrodystrophic dogs.

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