scholarly journals Long Walks, Lost Documents and the Birthplace of Igneous Petrology: Exploring Glen Tilt, Perthshire, Scotland

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-102
Author(s):  
Andrew Kerr

The spectacular angular unconformity at Siccar Point is the most famous site associated with James Hutton (1726–1797), but it was not his only place of insight. In 1785, three years before he discovered Siccar Point, Hutton examined outcrops in the still-remote valley of Glen Tilt, in the Scottish Highlands. He documented contact relationships between Precambrian metasedimentary rocks and Paleozoic granite bodies, although he had no knowledge of their true ages. Near to the hunting lodge where he and his colleague John Clerk of Eldin stayed, veins of granite clearly cut through relict bedding in the stratified rocks and disrupt their layering, breaking apart individual strata and leaving fragments (xenoliths) surrounded by granite. Hutton correctly deduced that the granite must originally have been in a ‘state of fusion’ and was forcefully injected into much older ‘schistus’. Such conclusions contravened prevailing ideas that granite bodies formed from aqueous solutions, and also refuted a wider philosophical view that granite and other crystalline rocks were the oldest and first-created parts of the Earth. Hutton’s key outcrops in Glen Tilt are easy to visit, although they do require a long (but easy) roundtrip hike of some 25 km. These are certainly not the most spectacular intrusion breccias that I have ever seen, but they are very instructive, and were very influential, because they sparked a long, and at times acrimonious, debate about the origins of igneous rocks and especially granite. This controversy had many strange twists and turns. These include the disappearance of Hutton’s original manuscript after his death, and its serendipitous rediscovery a century later, and the similar loss and rediscovery of exquisite drawings by John Clerk, almost two centuries after they were first penned. Among the lost drawings is an early example of detailed outcrop-scale mapping, which would become a key field-work technique. Hutton’s vision of granite as the product of hot, liquid material that moved upward in the Earth’s crust (plutonism) eventually prevailed over the idea that crystalline rocks formed from a primordial ocean that once enveloped the Earth (neptunism), but this victory did not come easily or quickly. In another strange twist of history, new evidence from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa eventually acted to further the plutonist cause. Glen Tilt has changed very little since the time of Hutton, but the observations that were made here, and the long debate that followed, brought fundamental changes in our understanding of the Earth. Although Siccar Point should remain the first entry on the bucket list of any prospective geopilgrim to Scotland, the long and beautiful valley of the River Tilt should also be a priority. RÉSUMÉLa spectaculaire discordance angulaire de Siccar Point est le site le plus célèbre associé à James Hutton (1726–1797), mais ce n'était pas le seul lieu qui l’ait inspiré. En 1785, trois ans avant de découvrir Siccar Point, Hutton a examiné des affleurements dans la vallée encore enclavée de Glen Tilt, dans les Highlands écossais. Il a documenté les contacts entre les roches métasédimentaires précambriennes et les corps granitiques du Paléozoïque, bien qu'il ne connût pas leur véritable âge. Près du pavillon de chasse où lui et son collègue John Clerk of Eldin ont séjourné, des veines de granit ont clairement percé le litage relique dans les roches stratifiées et perturbé leur superposition, brisant les strates individuelles et laissant des fragments (xénolithes) entourés de granit. Hutton a correctement déduit que le granit devait à l'origine être dans un « état de fusion » et qu'il avait été injecté de force dans des « schistes » beaucoup plus anciens. De telles conclusions contrevenaient aux idées dominantes selon lesquelles des corps granitiques se formaient à partir de solutions aqueuses et réfutaient également une vision philosophique plus large selon laquelle le granit et d'autres roches cristallines étaient les parties de la Terre les plus anciennes et les premières créées. Les principaux affleurements de Hutton à Glen Tilt sont faciles à visiter, bien qu'ils nécessitent une longue randonnée (mais facile) d'environ 25 km aller et retour. Ce ne sont certainement pas les brèches d'intrusion les plus spectaculaires que je n’ai jamais vues, mais elles sont très instructives et ont eu un rôle très influent, car elles ont déclenché un long débat, parfois acrimonieux, sur les origines des roches ignées et en particulier du granit. Cette controverse a eu de nombreux rebondissements étranges. Ceux-ci incluent la disparition du manuscrit original de Hutton après sa mort, et sa redécouverte fortuite un siècle plus tard, et la perte et la redécouverte similaires de dessins remarquables de John Clerk, près de deux siècles après qu’ils aient été esquissés. Parmi les dessins perdus, se trouve un premier exemple de cartographie détaillée à l'échelle des affleurements, qui deviendra une technique clé de travail sur le terrain.La vision de Hutton du granit en tant que produit d'un matériau chaud et liquide qui s'est déplacé vers le haut dans la croûte terrestre (plutonisme) a finalement prévalu sur l'idée que des roches cristallines se sont formées à partir d'un océan primordial qui enveloppait autrefois la Terre (neptunisme), mais cette victoire n'est pas venue facilement ou rapidement. Dans une autre tournure étrange de l'histoire, de nouvelles preuves provenant du Cap de Bonne-Espérance en Afrique du Sud ont fini par faire avancer la cause plutoniste. Glen Tilt a très peu changé depuis l'époque de Hutton, mais les observations qui ont été faites ici, et le long débat qui a suivi, ont apporté des changements fondamentaux dans notre compréhension de la Terre. Bien que Siccar Point devrait rester en haut de la liste des lieux à visiter de tout visiteur potentiel lors d’un pèlerinage géologique en Écosse, la longue et belle vallée de la rivière Tilt devrait également être une priorité.

Author(s):  
Adam A. Garde ◽  
Brian Chadwick ◽  
John Grocott ◽  
Cees Swager

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Garde, A. A., Chadwick, B., Grocott, J., & Swager, C. (1997). Metasedimentary rocks, intrusions and deformation history in the south-east part of the c. 1800 Ma Ketilidian orogen, South Greenland: Project SUPRASYD 1996. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 176, 60-65. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v176.5063 _______________ The south-east part of the c. 1800 Ma Ketilidian orogen in South Greenland (Allaart, 1976) is dominated by strongly deformed and variably migmatised metasedimentary rocks known as the ‘Psammite and Pelite Zones’ (Chadwick & Garde, 1996); the sediments were mainly derived from the evolving Julianehåb batholith which dominates the central part of the orogen. The main purpose of the present contribution is to outline the deformational history of the Psammite Zone in the region between Lindenow Fjord and Kangerluluk (Fig. 2), investigated in 1994 and 1996 as part of the SUPRASYD project (Garde & Schønwandt, 1995 and references therein; Chadwick et al., in press). The Lindenow Fjord region has high alpine relief and extensive ice and glacier cover, and the fjords are regularly blocked by sea ice. Early studies of this part of the orogen were by boat reconnaissance (Andrews et al., 1971, 1973); extensive helicopter support in the summers of 1992 and 1994 made access to the inner fjord regions and nunataks possible for the first time.A preliminary geological map covering part of the area between Lindenow Fjord and Kangerluluk was published by Swager et al. (1995). Hamilton et al. (1996) have addressed the timing of sedimentation and deformation in the Psammite Zone by means of precise zircon U-Pb geochronology. However, major problems regarding the correlation of individual deformational events and their relationship with the evolution of the Julianehåb batholith were not resolved until the field work in 1996. The SUPRASYD field party in 1996 (Fig. 1) was based at the telestation of Prins Christian Sund some 50 km south of the working area (Fig. 2). In addition to base camp personnel, helicopter crew and the four authors, the party consisted of five geologists and M.Sc. students studying mafic igneous rocks and their mineralisation in selected areas (Stendal et al., 1997), and a geologist investigating rust zones and areas with known gold anomalies.


1931 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertrude Lilian Elles ◽  
Cecil Edgar Tilley

The main object of tho present paper is the consideration of the structure of the Central and S.W. Highlands as shown up by the metamorphic condition of the beds. This metamorphic condition has boon studied over the length and breadth of the country, mapped and deduced from very many outcrops in all districts. Sometimes it was possible to superpose the the details respecting the metamorphism upon the 1-inch maps of the Geological Survey, but in many other cases the areas were mapped upon the 6-inch scale. Naturally this work has taken a long time, for it has necessitated the collection of many thousands of specimens, and nearly 3000 rocks have been sliced and examined, since it is not always possible to define the limits of a metamorphic zone with precision by field work alone, and many rock types were encountered that rendered a more careful study advisable than was possible from the mere examination of a hand specimen.


1978 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1773-1782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuch-Ning Shieh ◽  
Henry P. Schwarcz

The average 18O/16O ratios of the major rock types of the surface crystalline rocks in different parts of the Canadian Precambrian Shield have been determined, using 47 composite samples prepared from 2221 individual rock specimens. The sampling areas include Baffin Island, northern and southwestern Quebec, Battle Harbour – Cartwright, northern District of Keewatin, Fort Enterprise, Snowbird Lake, Kasmere Lake, and Saskatchewan, covering approximately 1 400 000 km2. The granitic rocks from the Superior, Slave, and Churchill Provinces vary only slightly from region to region (δ18O = 6.9–8.4‰) and are significantly lower in 18O than similar rock types from the younger Grenville Province (δ = 9.2–10.0‰). The sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks have δ18O = 9.0–11.7‰ and hence are considerably lower than their Phanerozoic equivalents, possibly reflecting the presence of a high percentage of little-altered igneous rock detritus in the original sediments. The basic rocks in most regions fall within a δ18O range of 6.8–7.6‰, except in northern and southwestern Quebec where the δ-values are abnormally high (8.5–8.9‰). The overall average 18O/16O ratio of the surface crystalline rocks of the Canadian Shield is estimated to be 8.0‰, which represents an enrichment with respect to probable mantle derived starting materials by about 2‰.


1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1087-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wodicka ◽  
R. A. Jamieson ◽  
R. R. Parrish

We report U–Pb zircon ages for metaplutonic and metasedimentary rocks from three lithotectonic assemblages within the Parry Sound allochthon of the Central Gneiss Belt, southwestern Grenville Orogen: the basal Parry Sound, interior Parry Sound, and Twelve Mile Bay assemblages. Magmatic crystallization ages for granitic to tonalitic gneisses from the basal Parry Sound assemblage fall in the range 1400–1330 Ma. Younger intrusions include the Parry Island anorthosite dated at 1163 ± 3 Ma and a crosscutting mafic dyke bracketed between 1151 and 1163 Ma. Dated at [Formula: see text] a tonalitic gneiss from the overlying interior Parry Sound assemblage is slightly younger than the older group of rocks from the basal Parry Sound assemblage. 207Pb/206Pb ages for zircons from a quartzite of the basal Parry Sound assemblage range from 1385 Ma to the Neoarchaean. An absolute maximum age for this quartzite is 1436 ± 17 Ma. In contrast, detrital zircons from a quartzite of the Twelve Mile Bay assemblage constrain the age of deposition at post-ca. 1140–1120 Ma. We speculate that Grenvillian-age zircons within this quartzite were derived from rocks in the Adirondack Highlands and Frontenac terrane, implying that part of the Parry Sound domain and these terranes were contiguous during deposition of the quartzite. Our data support previous interpretations that the Parry Sound domain is allochthonous with respect to its surroundings, and suggest that the most likely source region of the basal Parry Sound domain lies southeast of the Central Gneiss Belt, within the Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary thrust zone or the Adirondack Highlands. This implies the possibility of 100–300 km of displacement of the domain. Emplacement of the Parry Sound domain into its present position must have occurred relatively late in the orogen's history, by about 1080 Ma.


Nature ◽  
1884 ◽  
Vol 31 (785) ◽  
pp. 29-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARCH. GEIKIE

1894 ◽  
Vol 55 (331-335) ◽  
pp. 210-217 ◽  

In a paper which was read before the Royal Society in June, 1890, I showed that the principal phenomena of terrestrial magnetism and the secular changes in its horizontal and vertical components could be explained on the assumption of an electro-dynamic substance (presumably liquid or gaseous) rotating within the crust of the earth in the plane of the ecliptic, and a little slower than the diurnal rotation. By means of some electro-mechanism, new to experimental science, which I termed a magnetarium, the period of backward rotation of the internal electro-dynamic sphere required for the secular variations of the magnetic elements on different parts of the earth’s surface was found to be 960 years, or 22.5 minutes of a degree annually. It was also demonstrated that the inclination of the axes of the electro-dynamic and terrestrial globes to each other of 20° 30', was the cause of the inequality of the declination periods about the same meridian in the northern and southern hemispheres; as instanced in the short period of outward westerly declination at London, and the long period of outward westerly declination at the Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena.


1955 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Alpert

Warm-cloud rainfall characteristics observed during field work in Puerto Rico in November 1953 as a consultant for the Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority to investigate the possibilities of stimulating rainfall through cloud seeding are reported. A map and list of 52 references of observations of warm-cloud rainfall over the Earth are presented.


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