scholarly journals Funkcje wielkich liter w rękopisie staropolskim

LingVaria ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (26) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Dorota Rojszczak-Robińska
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Function ◽  
Lower Case ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Syntactic Function

Functions of Upper-Case Letters in an Old Polish Manuscript. Karta RogawskiegoThe use of capital letters in Old Polish manuscripts is an unexplored subject. The present article is an analysis of the function of capital letters in Karta Rogawskiego (‘Rogawski’s Card’), a fifteenth-century Polish-language manuscript. Despite the small size of the monument (175 lines), it contains 70 upper-case letters, used consciously and consistently. In this respect, the text is unique compared to other mediaeval monuments in Polish. In Karta Rogawskiego, upper-case letters perform two functions. One is the rhetoric-syntactic function, i.e. they segment the text, introduce additional comments, start integrals which describe the activities of other characters and, above all, they introduce utterances of individual characters, separating the citation from the introduction. The other role of upper-case letters is the stylistic-semantic function, when they are used at the beginning of proper names. In the case of important words, it can be seen that their use is conscious and consistent; e.g. the word cesarz ‘emperor’ is always spelt with an upper-case letter when it refers to a specific person, and with a lower-case one when it only means a function. In addition, upper-case letters appear in the same places in the text, i.e. at the beginnings of titles and chapters.

The Literature on War: Part II

1942 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-346
Author(s):  
William O. Shanahan
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Survey ◽  
Military Literature ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The French Revolution

“It is a great advantage to princes to have perused (military) histories in their youth, for in them they read at length of such assemblies and of the great frauds and deceptions and perjuries which some of the ancients have, practised on one another, and how they have taken and killed those who put their trust in such security. It is not to be said that all have used them, but the example of one is sufficient to make several wise and to cause them to wish to protect themselves.” For present-day democracies this advice of Philippe de Commynes, the fifteenth century French historian, has a pointed meaning. Only when the liberties of free peoples are threatened can their interest in war and armies be aroused. Tyrants and autocrats, on the other hand, never neglect the study of the role of war in statecraft. If we are to remain free the lessons of war must be studied continually. With this principle in mind the present survey of military literature is intended to suggest some of the important books that have been written since the French Revolution.

scholarly journals The Othering of Islam in a European Context

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Creutz-Kämppi
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Context ◽  
The World

Abstract Media representations of Islam mostly appear in the Finnish media in connection with events in other parts of the world. In this context, Islam is often treated as something distant and ascribed the role of the Other. These representations function as definers for collective categorizations, having an impact on which categories for self-identifications are relevant in specific cases. The aim of the present article is to discuss othering discourses on Islam in Swedish-language dailies in Finland on the basis of the debate following the cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad. These discourses build upon a broader tradition of othering and have a great deal in common with medieval representations, thus the othering of Islam in a historical perspective is also briefly discussed.

A Victory Tower Built by a Slave: The Chand Minar at Daulatabad in Deccan India

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-76
Author(s):  
Mohit Manohar
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Islamic Architecture ◽  
Major Work ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Victory

Abstract The Chand Minar (1446) at Daulatabad Fort is one of the tallest pre-modern stone minarets in the world and has long been recognized as a major work of Indo-Islamic architecture. Yet surprisingly little is known about the building: its iconography and the reason for its construction have not been established; even its height is frequently misreported by half. The present article analyzes the building’s architecture and urban context and critically reads its inscriptions against the Tārīkh-i Firishta (ca. 1610), the main primary text for the history of the medieval Deccan. In so doing, the article demonstrates that issues of race shaped the courtly politics in the Deccan at the time of the minaret’s construction. The Chand Minar was commissioned by Parvez bin Qaranful, an African military slave, who dedicated the building to the Bahmani sultan ʿAla⁠ʾ al-Din Ahmad II (r. 1436–58). The article shows that the building commemorated the role of African and Indian officers in a 1443 military victory of the Bahmani sultanate (1347–1527) against the Vijayanagara empire (1336–1664). The construction of the Chand Minar impressed upon Ahmad II the importance of retaining in his court dark-skinned officers from India and Africa (dakkaniyān) at a time when their standing was threatened by the lighter-skinned gharībān, who had immigrated from the western Islamic regions. The article thus presents a detailed study of an important but neglected monument while shedding new light on racial factionalism in the fifteenth-century Deccan.

Astrology and the Sibyls: John of Legnano's De adventu Christi and the Natural Theology of the Later Middle Ages

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ackerman Smoller
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Natural Theology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Virgin Birth ◽  
Positive Light

ArgumentMedieval authors adopted a range of postures when writing about the role of reason in matters of faith. At one extreme, the phrase “natural theology” (theologia naturalis) was used, largely pejoratively, to connote something clearly inferior to revealed theology. At the other end, there was also a long tradition of what one might term “the impulse to natural theology,” manifested perhaps most notably in the embrace of Nature by certain twelfth-century authors associated with the school of Chartres. Only in the fifteenth century does one find authors using natural reason to investigate religious truths who also employ the term “natural theology,” now in a positive light, for their activities. Among such thinkers, astrology and eschatology frequently played an important role. In that respect, the writings of fourteenth-century Bolognese jurist John of Legnano offer an important example of the place of astrological, prophetic, and apocalyptic material in late medieval natural theology. In his 1375 treatise De adventu Christi, Legnano demonstrated that ancient poets, pagan seers such as the Sibyls, and non-Christian astrologers had all predicted, like Old Testament prophets, the virgin birth of Christ. For Legnano, not simply was Creation part of God's revelation, but, equally importantly, the very categories of reason and revelation blur in a way that points toward the works of Renaissance humanists and lays a foundation for a model of natural vaticination that showed reason's capability to reach fundamental religious truths.

scholarly journals Contradictions in Anthroponyms in Russian Homiletics of the Transition Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Sharov
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
The Other ◽  
Implied Meaning

This article examines the place and role of anthroponyms in Russian spiritual literature between the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The author studies anthroponymicons from different authors, providing classifications of anthroponyms and the number and character of anthroponyms in their works. The formation and peculiarities of the use of anthroponymic proper names in Russian spiritual literature reveals two main tendencies. The first (southwestern) is connected with writers whose works are close to those of Stefan Yavorsky and Dimitry of Rostov. The other (northern) is reflected in works by Feofan Prokopovich, Platon Levshin, and their followers. According to the author, the first tradition is characterised by the extensive use of anthroponyms in texts, a hidden meaning of anthroponyms, the scarce use of simple naming, the absence of charactonyms, and an extensive use of antonomasia and symbolism. It is also characterised by an extensive use of detached anthroponyms to express the authors’ attitude to people, events, and objects. The other tradition is characterised by a considerably smaller number of anthroponyms (from 7 instances in Feofan’s works to 21 in those by Platon). Additionally, the authors do not use the implied meaning of anthroponyms in their texts; their texts contain charactonyms and rarely use antonomasia and symbolism. They mostly use anthroponyms as markers of quality and as parts of idioms. The southwestern tradition is connected with a sacral and mystical understanding of human names originating from the Catholic Hermetic literature of the Renaissance. The northern tradition, on the contrary, is closely connected with Lutheranism, where a human name is treated as purely rational. Therefore, this approach does not imply any mystery when interpreting anthroponyms and or suggest piety when anthroponyms are used to name people, objects, and processes.

scholarly journals „Z gór, gdzie dźwigali” — a słuchali w salonach. Zygmunta Krasińskiego transgresje na szczycie góry

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Łoboz
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Promised Land ◽  
The One

"Z GÓR, GDZIE DŹWIGALI" "FROM MOUNTAINS, WHERE THEY CARIED" - AND LISTENED TO THE SALONS. ZYGMUNT KRASIŃSKI' TRANSGRESSIONS ON THE TOP OF A MOUNTAINThe present Article is an attempt at an analysis and interpretation of Zygmunt Krasiński’s 1847 poem “Z gór, gdzie dźwigali” From the mountains, where they carried. The poem, full of sceptical pessimism, refers to the Biblical episode featuring Moses, whom God showed the vast expanse of the promised land from the top of a mountain, telling him, however, that he would see the land but would never enter it. Krasiński addressed this Biblical analogy to participants in the Great Emigration and his entire generation. The metaphorical mountain carries an ambiguous message: on the one hand it radiates heavenly light and on the other is a symbolic place of suffering, a Golgotha on the top of which each participants in the Messianic process carries his own cross — the burden of superhuman torment and penance. The mountain top is a place in which each of them experiences transgression, overcoming their own physical and intellectual weaknesses, and achieving spiritual stability by accepting the ungrateful role of “intermediaries” in the journey towards a free homeland. When it comes to the literature of Polish Romanticism, this is a noteworthy and important reflection.]]>

scholarly journals Demonstrative proadjectives in Livonian – morphosyntactic use and semantic functions

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-255
Author(s):  
Marili Tomingas
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
Morphosyntactic Analysis

In Livonian and other Finnic languages, demonstratives are a widely used and important group of words, often showing distal oppositions and other referential differences. Demonstrative proadjectives are a type of demonstrative word that has not been much researched thus far, as their meaning depends mostly on the other parts of the text. The present article describes the origin of Livonian demonstratives and focuses on demonstrative proadjectives and their use. Utilising example sentences from the Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary (Viitso, Ernštreits 2012), this study analyses the morphosyntactic use of demonstrative proadjectives and also makes observations on their semantic functions. For the morphosyntactic analysis, four parameters of demonstrative proadjectives are described: their attributiveness or non-attributiveness, their syntactic function, the case in which they are used, and their singular or plural use. In addition, observations on possible semantic functions are made using different types of sentences in which demonstrative proadjectives occur.Kokkuvõte. Marili Tomingas: Liivi demonstratiivsed proadjektiivid – morfosüntaktiline kasutus ja tähendusfunktsioonid. Artiklis kirjeldatakse liivi demonstratiivsete sõnade olemust ja kujunemist nelja ajaloolise läänemeresoome demonstratiivtüve põhjal, võrreldes lühidalt liivi keelt ka teiste läänemeresoome keeltega. Täpsemalt esitatakse liivi demonstratiivsete sõnade jaotus ning keskendutakse demonstratiivsete proadjektiivide grupile, mille tähendusi ja praktilist kasutust on seni vähe kirjeldatud proadjektiivide keerulise semantilise määratluse ning sagedase atributiivsuse tõttu. Demonstratiivsete proadjektiivide morfosüntaktilist kasutust ja funktsioone käsitletakse näitelausete põhjal, mis on võetud „Liivi-eesti-läti sõnaraamatust“ (Viitso, Ernštreits 2012), analüüsides demonstratiivsete proadjektiivide süntaktilisi positsioone, atributiivsust ja morfoloogiat. Samuti vaadeldakse demonstratiivsete proadjektiivide erinevaid semantilisi funktsioone.Märksõnad: demonstratiivid, proadjektiivid, morfoloogia, süntaks, semantika, liivi keelKubbõvõttõks. Marili Tomingas: Nägțijid azūmummitsõnād līvõ kīelsõ – morfosintaktili kȭlbatimi ja tǟntõkst funktsijd. Kēra tarmõb iļļõvaņtļimiz iļ līvõ kīel nägțijizt azūmsõnād ja nänt suggimiz nēļast nägțijiz sõnātõvstõ (*tämä, *taa, *too ja *se). Autor sēļțab, kui līvõ nägțijizt azūmsõņḑi um jaggõmõst, ja tuņšlõb jõ pīenõst nägțijiži azūmummitsõņdi, sīest nänt kȭlbatimizt ja tǟntõkši um siedaigsōņõ vel veitõ tuņšõltõd. Kēras um nǟdõb nägțijizt azūmummitsõnād morfosintakstili analīz ja tǟntõkst nägțõbõd. Autor um kubbõn analīzmaterjal pierāst nēļakimdõ kītõmt nägțijizt azūmummitsõnādõks “Līvõkīel-ēstikīellețkīel sõnārōntõst“ (Viitso, Ernštreits 2012).

scholarly journals Narcissism: Groundwork for Sectarian Misdemeanors

2020 ◽  
pp. 08-16
Author(s):  
Saeed Shoja Shafti
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Forensic Psychiatry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
State Of Mind

In DSM-5, the sector of ‘Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention’, has discussed about cults. The said section covers all conditions and problems that are a focus of clinical attention or that may otherwise affect the diagnosis, course, prognosis, or treatment of a patient's mental disorder. While cults are usually led by charismatic leaders, who offer acceptance and guidance to troubled followers, cult followers are strongly controlled and forced to dissolve commitment to family and others to serve the cult leader's directives and personal needs. On the other hand, there were many cult leaders, who have been convicted of violent or non-violent crimes, as a commander or committer, before, during or after their period as a cult leader. While many bio-psycho-social factors involve in the grouping and formation of sects or cults, numerous dynamics, too, may prepare the group’s state of mind for perpetrating crime. Among a number of conceivable historical, cultural, or radical causes, while psychopathy, at all times, have had a firm position in forensic psychiatry, narcissism, whether as a primary trait or as a misleadingly stirred quality, have been generally over looked. Interrelationship between narcissism and psychopathy, from one hand, and the scarce set of circumstances, on the other hand, may create a situation, full of mix-ups, which can be continued melancholically and hazardously. In the present article, the likely role of narcissism, among numerous mechanisms that may involve in establishment of sectarian misbehavior, will be discussed in more detail. Keywords: Cult; Sect; Narcissism; Psychopathy; Crime

scholarly journals Nomina appellativa w funkcji imion własnych postaci literackich – zagadnienia ortograficzne

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (40) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Marek Ruszkowski
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Lower Case ◽  
Literary Characters

[full article in Polish, abstract in English and Polish] Artykuł podejmuje problem pisowni nazw pospolitych (nomina appellativa) w funkcji nazw własnych (nomina propria) postaci literackich. Nazwy jednowyrazowe nie sprawiają na ogół kłopotów, ponieważ pisane są wielkimi literami, np. Sędzia, Wojski, Asesor, Podkomorzy, Woźny, Hrabia (postacie z „Pana Tadeusza”); Cześnik, Rejent (postacie z „Zemsty”); Pustelnik (postać z „Dziadów”). Zdecydowanie mniej jednoznaczne są zwyczaj ortograficzny oraz reguła, które dotyczą nazw dwu- i więcejwyrazowych, typu: KRÓLOWA ŚNIEGU, MAŁY KSIĄŻĘ, ŚPIĄCA KRÓLEWNA, KRÓLEWNA ŚNIEŻKA, KOT W BUTACH, STAROSTA GADULSKI, PAN KLEKS. W praktyce ortograficznej pojawiają się trzy wersje: 1. obydwa wyrazy wielką literą, 2. pierwszy wyraz wielką literą, drugi małą, 3. obydwa wyrazy małą literą. Wiele zależy od tego, w jakiej postaci wyrażenie występuje w tekście literackim i w jego ewentualnym tłumaczeniu na język polski. Nazwy własne w utworach literackich są efektem wyboru autora, a to nie sprzyja ujednoliceniu ich postaci ortograficznej (ta sama nazwa postaci może być odmiennie zapisywana w różnych utworach). Jeśli nie znamy intencji autora, należałoby polecić pisownię wszystkich wyrazów (z wyjątkiem spójników i przyimków) wielką literą, tym bardziej że drugie składniki tych wyrażeń mogą w odpowiednim kontekście występować samodzielnie: Książę, Śnieżka, Królewna. Nomina Appellativa as Proper Names of Literary Characters – Spelling Issues The article deals with the problem of spelling common names functioning as proper names of literary characters. In general, single word names pose no problems as they are written in capital letters, e.g. Sędzia, Wojski, Asesor, Podkomorzy, Woźny, Hrabia (characters from “Pan Tadeusz”); Cześnik, Rejent (characters from “Zemsta”); Pustelnik (figures from “Dziady”). Definitely less clear is the usage and rule in terms of spelling that applies to names composed of two and more words, such as KRÓLOWA ŚNIEGU, MAŁY KSIĄŻĘ, ŚPIĄCA KRÓLEWNA, KRÓLEWNA ŚNIEŻKA, KOT W BUTACH, STAROSTA GADULSKI, PAN KLEKS. There are three versions of spelling as far as usage is concerned: 1) both words in capital letters, 2) the first word in capital letters, the second word in lower case, 3) both words in lower case. Much depends on the form in which the expression appears in the literary text and in its possible translation into Polish. Proper names in literary works are the result of the author’s choice, and this does not contribute to the unification of their spelling form (the same name of a character may be written differently in different works). If the author’s intentions are not known, we should recommend that all words (except for conjunctions and prepositions) be spelt in capital letters, especially as the other components of these expressions may appear in their own context: Książę, Śnieżka, Królewna.

scholarly journals Atomised and Subordinated? Unpacking the role of International Involvement in ‘The Local turn’ of Peacebuilding in Nepal and Cambodia

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ola Lundqvist ◽  
Joakim Öjendal
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Support ◽  
Sustainable Peace ◽  
Massive Influx ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
International Peacebuilding ◽  
Empirical Material

The local turn debate sometimes falls into the trap of romanticising the local, while vilifying international involvement in peacebuilding. Although this post-colonially informed argument makes immediate theoretical sense, there is a dearth of empirically driven comparative research which explores whether, and if so how, an international presence actually influences local peacebuilding efforts. In order to address this research gap, the present article sets out to study the execution of local peacebuilding programmes in two relatively similar cases where one (Nepal) has enjoyed little international peacebuilding presence, while the other (Cambodia) has seen a massive influx of international actors and funding in its peacebuilding endeavour. Our empirical material indicates that international support for the local peacebuilding process in Cambodia has bolstered it, while the locally owned process in Nepal has been far from successful in forging the conditions for sustainable peace. To fathom why these particular outcomes have occurred, however, the full answers are unlikely to be found by merely scrutinising whether the peacebuilding processes have been primarily internationally or locally driven. Instead, we suggest that peacebuilding outcomes are better understood by studying situated practices.

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