scholarly journals The People’s Republic of China as a ‘Pillar’ in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Serbia during COVID-19 Pandemic

Politeja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4(73)) ◽  
pp. 145-169
Author(s):  
Przemysław Ciborek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
The European Union ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Republic Of China

In the opinion of many researchers, Sino-Serbian bilateral relations during the COVID-19 pandemic have hit an all-time high. The People’s Republic of China was the first country to aid Serbia in the face of internal problems within the European Union. The EU’s inconsistent policy during the global health crisis has enabled political and economic rapprochement of Belgrade with Beijing and Moscow. In addition, it seems that the political influence of the United States and the European Union on the domestic and foreign policy of Serbia is weakening. Due to the specificity of Serbian media, the Chinese republic is also gaining many supporters among Serb citizens. The pro-government media coverage is supplemented by the government’s praise of the Chinese leadership. Regarding the Four Pillar Foreign Policy strategy introduced by the then President Boris Tadić, it appears that despite Serbia’s ongoing EU accession process, the People’s Republic of China appears to be the most significant ‘pillar’ in Serbia’s foreign policy during COVID-19 pandemic.In the opinion of many researchers, Sino-Serbian bilateral relations during the COVID-19 pandemic have hit an all-time high. The People’s Republic of China was the first country to aid Serbia in the face of internal problems within the European Union. The EU’s inconsistent policy during the global health crisis has enabled political and economic rapprochement of Belgrade with Beijing and Moscow. In addition, it seems that the political influence of the United States and the European Union on the domestic and foreign policy of Serbia is weakening. Due to the specificity of Serbian media, the Chinese republic is also gaining many supporters among Serb citizens. The pro-government media coverage is supplemented by the government’s praise of the Chinese leadership. Regarding the Four Pillar Foreign Policy strategy introduced by the then President Boris Tadić, it appears that despite Serbia’s ongoing EU accession process, the People’s Republic of China appears to be the most significant ‘pillar’ in Serbia’s foreign policy during COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Elements of global superiority of The People's Republic of China in the 21st century

Napredak ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-102
Author(s):  
Žarko Obradović
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
The European Union ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Chinese state has existed for more than five thousand years and in the history of human society it has always presented its own specific civilizational attainment, which exerted a considerable influence on the Asian region. In the years since its creation on October 1, 1949, and especially in the last decade, New China has stepped out beyond the region of Asia onto the global scene. With its economic power and international development projects (amongst which the Belt and Road projects stands out), China has become a leader of development and the promoter of the idea of international cooperation in the interests of peace and security in the world and the protection of the future of mankind. This paper will attempt to delineate the elements of the development of the People's Republic of China in the 21st century, placing a special focus on the realization of the Belt and Road initiative and the results of the struggle against the Covid-19 pandemic, all of which have made China an essential factor in the power relations between great global forces and the resultant change of attitude of the United States of America and the European Union towards China. Namely, China has always been a large country in terms of the size of its territory and population, but it is in the 21st century that the PR of China has become a strong state with the status of a global power. Such results in the organization of society and the state, the promotion of new development ideas and the achievement of set goals, would not have been possible without the Communist Party of China, as the main ideological, integrative and organizational factor within Chinese society. In its activities, the Chinese state sublimates the experiences of China's past with an understanding of the present moment in the international community and the need of Chinese citizens to improve the quality of life and to ensure stable development of the country. The United States and the European Union are taking various measures to oppose the strengthening of the People's Republic of China. These include looking after their interests and preserving their position in the international community, while simultaneously trying, if possible, to avoid jeopardizing their economic cooperation with China.

scholarly journals The relations of Serbia and the People’s Republic of China at the beginning of the 21st century

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-67
Author(s):  
Dusko Dimitrijevic
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
The European Union ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic

The current relations of the Republic of Serbia with the People?s Republic of China (hereinafter: Serbia and China) are conditioned by many political, economic, legal and social factors. The mentioned factors point to the existence of asymmetry in many aspects which, however, is not an issue that implies that the two parties can not develop good and friendly relations. In the historical and international legal sense, the relations of the two countries are characterized by the continuity of diplomatic relations established on January 2, 1955, between the then Federal People's Republic Yugoslavia and the People's Republic of China. Serbia as the successor state of SFR Yugoslavia continues to treat China as one of its most important partners in international relations, which is manifested through the foreign policy course, according to which China is one of the main ?pillars? of Serbia's foreign policy alongside the European Union, Russia and the United States. The mere reference to the main ?pillars? in Serbia's foreign policy orientation indicates that China is a key player in world politics and a great power with which Serbia needs to build relations of a ?comprehensive strategic partnership?. It is not surprising, therefore, that the deepening of the Serbian-Chinese relations on a bilateral and multilateral level (especially within the UN, regional international organizations and political forums such as the 16 + 1 mechanism between China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe) contributed to better strategic positioning of Serbia in modern international relations.

scholarly journals Conceptual Approaches to Human Rights in the European Union and the People’s Republic of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Nikolay Litvak ◽  
◽  
Natalia Pomozova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Modern China ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
The European Union ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
The West ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Eu

The article presents a comparative interdisciplinary study of approaches to the problem of human rights in relations between the European Union and the People’s Republic of China. This factor is traditionally used by the EU and the West to criticize the policies of other countries, combining pressure and encouragement in order to Westernize them ‒ to accept and practicallyl implement the Western concept of human rights.However, modern China, having carried out rapid socio-economic and scientific-technological development, not only did not change its political system, but also began to reform the international sphere of human rights in accordance with their understanding. Ideological inertia and simplification of the problem do not contribute to understanding in Europe how, while retaining the socialist ideology, China became the second economy in the world, acquiring global primacy and promoting its model, without setting, like the West, special political conditions.At the same time, there are contradictions between the Western countries, and international law, including the field of human rights, which have a historical, dynamic character, and a very diverse implementation. In the socio-philosophical sense, the competition between the constructivist and functional approaches in the forms of the liberal-bourgeois and socialist systems is developing between the EU and the PRC.

The Foreign Policy of the USA Towards the PRC During Gerald Ford Presidency: 1974-1977

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Anatoliy V. Goncharenko ◽  
Lybov G. Polyakova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
White House ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

The article researches the US foreign policy towards the PRC during Gerald Ford presidency in 1974-1977. It describes the reasons, course and consequences of the intensification of the US foreign policy strategy in the Chinese direction during the investigated period. There was explored the practical realization of the “Pacific Doctrine”by Washington. The role of various groups in the American establishment in the question of the formation of the Chinese White House policy has been analyzed. The specific foreign policy actions of the administration of the US president Gerald Fordon the PRC in 1974-1977 are analyzed. The chief results of the foreign policy of the administration of the President of the United States Gerald Ford (1974-1977) concerning the PRC, which resulted from the real political steps taken by the leaders of both countries, was the establishment of systematic and reliable channels of bilateral ties, expansion of economic, scientific and cultural contacts, the beginning of a systematic exchange of views on the most important issues of international relations. In the second half of the 70’s of the twentieth century this dialogue ensured the continuity of China’s policy in Washington, which was based on the concept of a “balance of power”, while China played a complementary role in the foreign policy strategy of the White House. These factors formed the “Pacific Doctrine” of G. Ford, which gave Beijing the status of an American partner in maintaining a balance of power in the Asia-Pacific region and consolidated a positive assessment of the place and role of the People’s Republic of China in Asian politics in the United States of America. The return of American political thought to the ideas of the combination policy occurred in the formation of US-Soviet strategic parity and awareness of the ruling circles in the United States, due to the defeat in Vietnam, the limited resources of force influence on the international situation. Started in the United States the study of China’s behavior in the international arena and its power parameters made it possible then to draw a preliminary conclusion that the People’s Republic of China can fill the place of the missing link in the “triangle” of the global scheme – a place of counterweight to the USSR; this required the removal of a US-Chinese confrontation. However, the socio-political and ideological contradictions that were pushed to the foreground on the initial stage of the Chinese policy of the administration of G. Ford and the process of normalization of bilateral relations, again made themselves felt at a later stage. Their injection was promoted by the logic of the development of bilateral US-China relations, as well as by a number of internal objective and subjective reasons, as in the People’s Republic of China (a sharp increase in the struggle for power connected with the illness and death of Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong), and in the United States (Gerald Ford made certain curtseys towards the American right-wing conservative forces and began to intensify approaches to Beijing and Moscow, and also the presidential campaign of 1976). Keywords: the USA, PRC, China, foreign policy, American-Chinese relations, “Pacific Doctrine”, Gerald Ford, Henry Kissinger , Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping.

Smart Grid Efficiency: a Chinese Approach

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Ihor A. Vakulenko
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Energy System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
The European Union ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China

The paper considers the issues of evaluating the efficiency of smart grid projects, which is important for evaluating the performance of implemented projects and identifying the most promising projects among those proposed for implementation. The objective of the work is to identify and analyze the approaches to the assessment of smart grids used in the People's Republic of China (PRC). For this purpose, has been allocated two typical approaches that have proliferated and are widely used in China. Moreover, one of them (Grid development assessment index system) is universal: it is used to evaluate both existing and potential projects - the other (Smart grid pilot project evaluation indicator system) is used solely to evaluate pilot projects (smart grid projects that may be implemented). The urgency of the work is justified by the need to identify the best world practices for evaluating Smart Grid projects in view of the prospects for the development of smart grids in Ukraine, and therefore the need to select the most effective projects and identify the most promising areas of energy sector development. Building smart grids is a prerequisite for integrating the Ukrainian energy system with the European Union's energy system. The geographical choice of the People's Republic of China for research purposes is explained by the country's significant progress in building a smart grid over a limited time interval. The beginning of active activity in this area in the PRC dates back to the period when the countries of the European Union and the United States of America implemented the basic reforms necessary for the implementation of complex infrastructure projects in the field of smart energy networks. Key words: energy, innovation, Smart Grid, evaluation techniques.

scholarly journals The Analogue Method Comes Unfastened – The Awkward Space between Market and Non-Market Economies in EC–Fasteners (Article 21.5)

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
ILARIA ESPA ◽  
PHILIP I. LEVY
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
The European Union ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
Analogue Method ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe compliance Appellate Body decision marks the latest twist in the long-running EC–Fasteners dispute. The question before the AB is whether the European Union complied with earlier rulings on its anti-dumping procedures. Broadly, the AB found that the EU had not, generally ruling in favor of the People's Republic of China. In the process, the AB raised interesting questions about what it means to be a Non-Market Economy (NME) in the WTO. While NME status has traditionally led to large dumping margins, the AB approach in this case may lessen the consequences for China. Among other things, the case raises the interesting and important question of how pervasive the taint of NME status may be when calculating margins. By allowing for adjustments of certain costs, the AB seems to constrain the more draconian analogue country methodology of calculation.

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