scholarly journals RUSSIA – CHINA STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION: SYNERGIZING GREATER EURASIA WITH BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE, 2016-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Containment Policy ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Vladimir Putin ◽  
The Belt And Road

Since 2017 to 2018, the world has been living through a period of progressive erosion, or collapse, of international orders have inherited from the Cold-War. Through the election of Donald Trump in 2016 and the rapid increase of U.S aggressive containment policy of Russia and China, which is both a consequence of the gradual erosion which represents deep internal and international contradictions as this process, entered its critical point. Therefore, in responding to the dynamic changes in International Relations, Kremlin has proactively proposed the Greater Eurasian Partnership for the international cooperation agenda in order to adopt within Belt and Road Initiative. This research attempts to assess the linking possibility of the Greater Eurasia integrate with the Belt and Road Initiative for improving cooperation in explanatory research that can be one of the major indicator to implement Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping agenda-setting in the Indo-Pacific region. The strategic partnership between the development strategies of Russia and China in bilateral, regional, and global relations lays the foundation of improvement cooperation between a number of countries, regions, and organizations. Thus, for the Eurasian Partnership to succeed in the context of Indo-Pacific development, it must strictly comply to World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and take a tolerant attitude toward the diverse mechanisms for cooperation that various countries and regions have developed through. Keywords: Russia, China, Greater Eurasia, Belt and Road Initiative, Indo-Pacific Region   Abstrak   Sejak 2017 hingga 2018, dunia telah mengalami masa erosi progresif, atau runtuhnya tatanan internasional yang diwarisi dari Perang Dingin. Melalui pemilihan Donald Trump pada tahun 2016 dan peningkatan pesat kebijakan penangkalan agresif Amerika Serikat atas Rusia dan Tiongkok, yang keduanya merupakan konsekuensi dari erosi bertahap yang mewakili kontradiksi internal dan internasional yang mendalam ketika proses ini, memasuki titik kritisnya. Oleh karena itu, dalam menanggapi perubahan dinamis dalam Hubungan Internasional, Kremlin telah secara proaktif mengusulkan Kemitraan Eurasia Besar untuk agenda kerja sama internasional agar dapat diadopsi dalam Belt and Road Initiative. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk menilai kemungkinan keterkaitan Eurasia Besar dengan Inisiatif Sabuk dan Jalan untuk meningkatkan kerja sama dalam penelitian penjelas yang dapat menjadi salah satu indikator utama untuk mengimplementasikan Vladimir Putin dan penetapan agenda Xi Jinping di kawasan Indo-Pasifik. Kemitraan strategis antara strategi pembangunan Rusia dan Cina dalam hubungan bilateral, regional, dan global meletakkan fondasi peningkatan kerjasama antara sejumlah negara, wilayah, dan organisasi. Dengan demikian, agar Kemitraan Eurasia berhasil dalam konteks pembangunan Indo-Pasifik, ia harus benar-benar mematuhi aturan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO) dan mengambil sikap toleran terhadap beragam mekanisme kerja sama yang telah dikembangkan oleh berbagai negara dan wilayah. Kata-kata kunci: Rusia, Tiongkok, Terbesar Eurasia, Inisiatif Sabuk dan Jalan, kawasan Indo-Pasifik  

scholarly journals Sino-Egypt Relations in the context of BRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr Adawi Ahmed Adawi , Dr. Wang Lian He , Dr. Allauddin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Development ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
The Belt And Road

Sino-Egypt diplomatic relationships were established in May 1956. In year 2013, China launched the “Belt and Road” Initiative (BRI) and invited countries, especially those along the route to contribute in the framework of the project. The Egyptian president Sisi visited China in 2014, and the two nations agreed to promote their bilateral relationships to comprehensive strategic partnership. In year 20146, Egypt launched new strategy for national development “Egypt Vision 2030”. Therefore, the two countries are cooperating according to these two planes. This paper analyzes Sino-Egypt relations in the context of BRI. When the Initiative was launched by China in 2013, Egypt is among the first countries to the join it. SinoEgyptian relations have significantly developed since the early 2010s. Based on solid foundation, China’s president Xi Jinping and Al-Sissi sealed an “integral strategic partnership” between the two nations in year 2014. This research paper provides an overview of this evolution and explores fields of cooperation between the two countries. The paper sheds light on cooperation in bilateral fields, especially in the framework of Belt & Road Initiative launched by China. The paper explores how Egypt and China reinforce each other in their common search for economic development  

China’s Strategic Partnership with Kuwait: New Opportunities for the Belt and Road Initiative

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-519
Author(s):  
Mordechai Chaziza
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Investment Opportunities ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Chinese Trade ◽  
Economic Engagement ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Successful Integration

In July 2018, the Kuwaiti Emir made a state visit of great significance to China, as both countries agreed to establish a strategic partnership creating new opportunities for Kuwait, which aspires to diversify its economy and seek investment opportunities. This study investigates various aspects behind the establishment of this partnership and examines the synergy between the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Kuwait Vision 2035 (KV2035) to understand the extent of economic engagement and relationship between the two nations. However, despite the considerable increase in Chinese trade and investments in Kuwait, some significant internal obstacles and external challenges remain to the successful integration of KV2035 with the BRI.

Demystifying the Belt and Road Initiative: China’s domestic and non-strategic policy?

2021 ◽  
pp. 205789112110388
Author(s):  
Yuan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Global Strategy ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Strategic Policy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a central policy of the Chinese government. The initiative is directly associated with President Xi Jinping, who first put forward the BRI in Kazakhstan and Indonesia in 2013, initially as One Belt One Road. Different from repetitive literature that concludes the BRI as China's global strategy, this article makes a contribution to argue that the BRI is China's domestic and non-strategic policy. To justify this argument, this article analyses how the BRI has been embedded into aspects of Chinese domestic policy by revealing its nexuses with Chinese domestic economy, politics and ideology. To deepen the understanding of the BRI's connection with the Chinese economy, this article explores the link between the BRI and China's supply-side structural reform. Meanwhile, this research demystifies the BRI as a global strategy and the difference between joining and rejecting the BRI to prove the BRI's non-strategic essence. In the end, this article discusses the BRI's far-reaching geopolitical influence.

Representation of the “Belt and Road Initiative” in Turkish mainstream newspapers

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
Gökçe Özsu ◽  
Ferruh Mutlu Binark
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
General Secretary ◽  
The Belt And Road

Turkey and China are the countries that established their relations in the shadow of their ideological affiliation. Turkey constructed its multi-partied democratic regime as an implementation of Western-based democracy. However, this has not granted EU full-membership to the country, and Turkey has initiated alternative allies since mid 2000s. This shift of axis has turned into more enthusiasm after the failed coup d’état of 15 July 2016. The purpose of this study is to reveal how Turkish mainstream newspapers represent the Chinese alternative globalization project, “The Belt and Road Initiative” which was introduced in 2013 by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Xi Jinping. In order to frame the background information, we will first introduce the aims of the Belt and Road Initiative, and then summarize Turkey’s relation to China from two aspects: political and economic concerns. Following the overview of Turko-Sino relationship, we will focus on the Justice and Development Party’s foreign policy to grasp its pragmatic concern in relation to the Belt and Road Initiative. Based on the contextualization of Turko-Sino relations, we will conduct thematic content analysis of the news on the Belt and Road Initiative from May to July 2017 in mainstream Turkish newspapers. Our analysis brings into question how Turkish press relocates the Belt and Road Initiative with respect to Turkey’s political and economic concerns about China’s alternative globalism, Turkish foreign policy seeking for new allies as alternatives for the Western counterparts, and thus we will examine President Erdoğan’s influence on Turkish foreign policy. Based on our findings, we will discuss the reasons for insufficient coverage of the Belt and Road Initiative in Turkish mainstream newspapers.

scholarly journals Ukraine–China strategic partnership: current situation, problems and prospects

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Purpose. The paper examines the peculiarities of the contemporary state and opportunities of further development of strategic partnership between Ukraine and China. The purpose of the paper is to study the state of implementation of the "Belt and Road Initiative" within the strategic partnership between Ukraine and China, as well as to identify threats and prospects for this form of cooperation for economic development of Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The paper analyzes the scientific achievements of domestic and foreign researchers on the possibilities of Ukraine's inclusion in the "Belt and Road Initiative", it has been analyzed the current state of strategic partnership between Ukraine and China in the aspect of the project implementation, analyzed the dynamics of bilateral trade between Ukraine and China over the past 10 years, and disclosed the commodity structure of foreign trade between the countries. Investment flows between China and Ukraine have been analyzed, implemented, projected and not implemented projects of Ukraine, which were financed by Chinese investments have been considered. SWOT analysis of straegic cooperation between Ukraine and China in terms of the "Belt and Road Initiative" was carried out and a set of recommendations for the strategic partnership development between Ukraine and China was proposed in the paper. Results. The dynamics of trade in services between Ukraine and China during the studied period had the following changes: growth was observed from 2011, 2014, 2016 and 2019, a positive balance for Ukraine was from 2009 to 2013. The structure of Ukrainian exports of services to China was dominated by: transport services 54.3%, business services 22.8%, repair and maintenance services, which do not belong to other categories 8.2%. The structure of imports of services from China was dominated by: services related to financial activities 57.7%, transport services 6.2%. Currently there is a significant imbalance in trade operations between Ukraine and the People's Republic of China. The largest share in the sectoral structure of Chinese direct investments in the share capital occupies the industry – 33.1%, in particular processing industry - 30.6%, extractive industry - 1.8%; professional and scientific-technical activities – 24.3%, as well as agriculture – 19.9% (Fig. 2). The SWOT-analysis conducted of opportunities, advantages, threats and advantages of strategic cooperation between Ukraine and China in terms of the "Belt and Road Initiative" proves the presence of a large number of possible directions for cooperation between the countries, but their successful implementation of these opportunities largely depends on the desire for cooperation between the governments of both countries. Practical significance. The results of this study can be used by the authorities at the state level to improve the conditions of strategic partnership between Ukraine and China, to attract foreign investment in the necessary sectors of the economy.

scholarly journals Chile along the road. Changes and continuities of the Chilean development model in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Javiera Francisca Flores Urbina
Keyword(s):  
Development Model ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Road ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Complex Project ◽  
The Belt And Road

In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping announced the development of a massive project of global connectivity infrastructure, known nowadays as the Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路). Although it was originally presented as a trade project focused on Europe and Asia, through the years the Belt and Road Initiative has been unravelled as a much more complex project. Lately, it has been extended to more territories, one of them being Latin America and the Caribbean region. Chile has already signed cooperation agreements regarding the Initiative, and cooperation in trade and connectivity between Chile and China is already taking place. This article will discuss the changes and continuities that the cooperation between Chile and China, under the scope of the Initiative, provides for the sustainable development challenges Chile faces. The article concludes that the cooperation dimensions between both countries represent elements of both changes and continuities for the model of development of Chile.

scholarly journals THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHINESE RAILWAY EXPRESS TRAINS

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Thomas Chan Man Hung
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
The Us ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Belt And Road

Introduction. Belt and Road Initiative of China is not something novel. It is the present-day continuation of the millennium-old Eurasian Silk Road that had been disrupted by the colonial expansion of the European powers. After the Cold War even the US and EU have attempted to restore the old Silk Road but with limited success. It was only in 2013 when the Chinese Government announced the Initiative that the world, not just the great powers, has begun once again to speak and think of the revival of the old Silk Road with enthusiasm.

scholarly journals ГРУЗИЯ КАК ТРАНСПОРТНЫЙ УЗЕЛ КИТАЙСКОЙ ИНИЦИАТИВЫ «ПОЯС И ПУТЬ»

2018 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Корганашвили Л.
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The belt and road initiative (BRI) put forward by the President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping in autumn 2013 is one of the priorities of it’s modern foreign policy. Within the framework of BRI China has concluded agreements on practical cooperation with many countries, including Georgia. For Georgia, BRI is an opportunity to become a land and sea transport hub between Europe and Asia. The overland route combines the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railroad with the Yavuz Sultan Selim bridge across the Bosporus Strait. The sea route serves as an gate to Europe through the ports in Batumi, Poti and Anaklia. The work shows the importance of BRI for the formation of Georgia as a transport hub and the benefits that both countries derive from cooperation under this initiative.

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