Traumatic brain injury in dogs and cats

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 480-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neus Elias ◽  
Ana-Maria Rotariu ◽  
Tobias Grave
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Veterinary Surgeon ◽  
Primary Injury

Traumatic brain injury is common in companion animals and can occur from many different types of trauma such as road traffic accidents or bites. Following the primary injury, which is beyond control of the clinician, secondary injury occurs minutes to days following the trauma. The secondary injury will lead to neuronal death, and is the focus of treatment strategies for the emergency veterinary surgeon. Treatment of traumatic brain injury includes nursing strategies, intravenous fluid therapy, hyperosmolar therapy and diuretics, pain management, maintenance of oxygenation and ventilation, temperature regulation, anticonvulsant therapy and glycaemic control. All of these are discussed in this clinical review.

scholarly journals OUTCOME OF CEREBRAL CONTUSIONS DUE TO TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Zubair Ahmed Khan ◽  
Habib sultan ◽  
Amir Aziz ◽  
Shahrukh Rizvi ◽  
Tauqeer Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Duration Of Hospital Stay ◽  
History Of ◽  
Age Range

ABSTRACT:BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of surgically operated vs conservatively treated patients of cerebral contusions due to traumatic brain injury. METHODOLOGY: This comparative study was conducted from January 2012 to December 2014 at the department of Neurosurgery, PGMI Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. A total of 50 patients were included in this study of both gender (male and female) and in the age range of 15-65 years. In our study 20 patients were managed conservatively while other 30 patients were operated for cerebral contusions. The mode of injury in our study was road traffic accidents and history of falls. RESULTS: Out of 50 patients, there were 41 (82%) males and 09 (18%) female patients. Their age ranged from 15 - 65 years. In this study the overall mean age is 38.36 years. The maximum numbers of patients were in their third and fourth decades of life. In our study the duration of hospital stay in conservatively managed patients was longer as compared to surgically treated patients who were discharged earlier. Mortality rate in surgically managed patients having a GCS ranged between 09 to 12 was very low contrary to the conservatively managed group, similarly the rate of delayed contusion formation and edema was also low in surgically managed patients as compared to those who were managed conservatively. CONCLUSION: Surgically managed patients of cerebral contusions in traumatic brain injury has better outcome and decreased hospital stay as compared to conservatively managed patients.

scholarly journals Traumatic Brain Injury Patterns on Ct Scan: A Comparison of Motorcyclist Versus Passenger Vehicle Patients Involved in Road Traffic Accidents

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhiana Hassan ◽  
Muniruddin Mohamad ◽  
Muhamad Zaim Azami ◽  
Husin Ali ◽  
Hafizah Pasi
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Skull Fracture ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Subdural Hemorrhage ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Injury Patterns

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury following road traffic accidents is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in Malaysia. We aim to determine the differences of traumatic brain injury patterns based on CT findings among motorcyclist versus passenger vehicle patients involved in road traffic accidents. Materials and method: This retrospective study was conducted in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA), Kuantan, Pahang. A total of 100 CT scan brains of patients who were involved in road traffic accidents were retrieved and reviewed, 50 of them were motorcyclists and the other 50 were passenger vehicles. Results: Fifty percent of the motorcyclists had an abnormal CT brain finding while only 24% of the passenger vehicle showed abnormal finding. Among motorcyclist, skull fracture was the most common finding (30%) followed by subdural hemorrhage (28%). Among passenger vehicle, the most common finding was subdural hemorrhage (10%) followed by subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal haemorrhage and skull fracture (8% each). The motorcyclist had significantly higher rate of subdural haemorrhage, extradural haemorrhage, intraparenchymal contusion and skull fracture compared to passenger vehicle patients with p value of 0.02, 0.03, 0.007 and 0.005 respectively. Conclusion: The occurrence of traumatic brain injury was significantly higher among the motorcyclist compared to passenger vehicle patients involved in road traffic accidents. The findings of this study highlighted the need for taking further measures to increase safety among the motorcyclists.

Remarks on patients with traumatic brain injury due to traffic accident related to alcohol comsumption treated in Vietduc hospital after implementing the decree 100

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Duc Chinh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Road Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Risk Of Death

Purpose: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is still considered as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality of victims by traffic accident. Despite a fact that many measurements and preventions have been applied, the rate of TBI is remained high. Aim of this study was to investigate treatment process of TBI caused by road traffic accident at Viet Duc Hospital after the Decree 100 which has been issued in Vietnam in early 2020. Materials and method: A retrospective and prospective study has been conducted in Viet Duc Hospital from Dec, 2020 to March, 2021. All the patients with TBI by road traffic accident were enrolled. Severity of TBI was identified by Glasgow Scale (GCS) and BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) test taken on arrival. The data was collected from medical record as well as autopsy report and analysed by SPSS.20.0 Results: A total of 150 patients with TBI by road traffic accidents were enrolled, age group from 21 to 60 years old accounted for 64%, male accounted for 86.7%. Associated injuries were maxillofacial lesions 48%, extremities 24.7%, chest accounted for 20%. Severity of TBI with GCS 6 - 8 was the highest rate 52%, from 3 - 5 GCS accounted for 30%. 40% were operated on emergency; BAC was positive 46.7%, of which over from 50 mg/L accounted for 32.6%. The patients with GCS from 6 to 8 were BAC positive accounted for a higher rate than groups with GCS above 9 or below 5. The most common TBI lesions were subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma and cerebral edema accounted for 67.3%, 60% and 58% respectively. Overall mortality was 26% including in-hospital death and discharged to die. Conclusions and recommendations: Data from the study has shown that many young men with severe TBI by road traffic accident were BAC positive which can results in the high risk of death and disability. Thus, we highly recommend counterparts should constantly strengthen the propaganda and enforcement measures in order to reduce traffic accidents and TBI patients. Keywords: traffic accidents; injury; brain trauma severity.

scholarly journals Incidence, causes and consequences of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury as determined by Abbreviated Injury Score in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Jochems ◽  
Eveline van Rein ◽  
Menco Niemeijer ◽  
Mark van Heijl ◽  
Michael A. van Es ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
National Database ◽  
Target Prevention ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Polytrauma Patients

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability. Epidemiology seems to be changing. TBIs are increasingly caused by falls amongst elderly, whilst we see less polytrauma due to road traffic accidents (RTA). Data on epidemiology is essential to target prevention strategies. A nationwide retrospective cohort study was conducted. The Dutch National Trauma Database was used to identify all patients over 17 years old who were admitted to a hospital with moderate and severe TBI (AIS ≥ 3) in the Netherlands from January 2015 until December 2017. Subgroup analyses were done for the elderly and polytrauma patients. 12,295 patients were included in this study. The incidence of moderate and severe TBI was 30/100.000 person-years, 13% of whom died. Median age was 65 years and falls were the most common trauma mechanism, followed by RTAs. Amongst elderly, RTAs consisted mostly of bicycle accidents. Mortality rates were higher for elderly (18%) and polytrauma patients (24%). In this national database more elderly patients who most often sustained the injury due to a fall or an RTA were seen. Bicycle accidents were very frequent, suggesting prevention could be an important aspect in order to decrease morbidity and mortality.

The Link Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurotrauma ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 165-180
Author(s):  
Richard Rubenstein
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Physical Impact ◽  
Primary Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a physical impact to the head usually in the form of a single or repetitive closed head injury. TBI is classified as mild, moderate, and severe based on neurological assessment which may include neuroimaging. TBI is a heterogeneous injury, with most cases being mild and difficult to diagnose. TBI can be separated into a primary injury and secondary injury. Primary injury is a result of the physical head impact, whereas secondary injury can occur as long as months to years later and is the result of pathophysiological changes in the central nervous system. TBI is considered a risk factor for chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, chronic traumatic encephalopathy) in spite of each disease having unique clinical symptoms, pathologies, and specific discriminating proteins. To date, little is known about the pathological changes responsible for linking TBI to neurodegenerative diseases.

Traumatic brain injury

2020 ◽  
pp. 6042-6047
Author(s):  
Tim Lawrence ◽  
Laurence Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Injury Pattern ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Primary Injury

Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. It is an extremely heterogenous condition with respect to mechanism, pathophysiology, injury pattern, and investigation findings, with highly variable outcomes, posing a significant challenge to clinicians treating it. Essential to the management of traumatic brain injury is an integrated, multidisciplinary approach from rapid resuscitation and early intervention through to rehabilitation. The pathophysiology can be divided into primary and secondary injury, where primary represents the injury at the point of trauma and secondary the progression of injury due to a cascade of downstream events occurring as a consequence of the primary injury and subsequent physiological insults.

Impact of helmet use on traumatic brain injury from road traffic accidents in Cambodia

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saksham Gupta ◽  
Katherine Klaric ◽  
Nang Sam ◽  
Vuthy Din ◽  
Tina Juschkewitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Helmet Use

scholarly journals Post concussion syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury in a single neurosurgical center in East Coast, Malaysia - A preliminary report

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Saufi Awang ◽  
Buveinthiran Balakrishnan ◽  
Chan Kin Hup ◽  
Razman Mohd Rus
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Post Concussion Syndrome

Introduction: Mild traumatic brain injury is the most common form of traumatic brain injury. Individuals sustaining mild head injuries often complain of a cluster of symptoms termed post concussion syndrome. Post concussion syndrome can be profoundly disabling. Thus the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of post concussion syndrome in an adult population with mild traumatic brain injury in a single neurosurgical center in East Coast, Malaysia. Methods: Cross Sectional study, in a single neurosurgical center in Kuantan, Pahang. The study period is from January 2016 – December 2016. Universal sampling method was used, all patients with mild traumatic brain injury presenting to HTAA, meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria is included in this study. Patients are then subjected to the checklist for diagnosis of post concussion syndrome as per ICD 10 classification at 2 weeks interval. Results: Between February 2016 – June 2016, a total of 136 patients with mild traumatic injury have been recruited to this study. The leading cause of mild traumatic brain injury is road traffic accidents, 86 patients (63.2%), and the mean age of this patient with mild traumatic brain injury is 28.8. Out of this number, 11 patients (8.1%) have been diagnosed with post concussion syndrome. Conclusions: The majority of individuals who sustain mild traumatic brain injuries are young adults, and the most common cause is road traffic accidents. Less than 10% of recruited patients suffered from post concussion syndrome.

244 Traumatic Brain Injury Related Paediatric Mortality and Morbidity in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Bandyopadhyay ◽  
M Kawka ◽  
K Marks ◽  
G Richards ◽  
E Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Aim Three million cases of paediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI) occur annually, the majority of which occur in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). However, there is a paucity of data on the outcomes of pTBI available. We aimed to systematically review and synthesise the reported morbidity and mortality from pTBI in the published literature about LMICs. Method A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, and Global Index Medicus were searched for relevant articles from January 2000 to May 2020. Observational or experimental studies on pTBI (individuals between the ages of 0 to 16 years) in LMICs were included. Morbidity data were descriptively analysed, and a random-effects model was used to pool mortality rates. PROSPERO ID: CRD42020171276. Results We included 145 studies from 38 countries representing 174073 patients with pTBI. Males were twice (95% CI: 1.6 – 2.4) as likely to have a pTBI than females. Where available, mild TBI represented ≥ 60% of all pTBI cases in most reports (n = 24/43, 56%). The commonest cited cause of pTBI was road traffic accidents (n = 16643/43083, 39%), followed by falls (n = 10927/43083, 25%). 4385 patients (n = 4385/18092, 24%) had a reduction from normal function on discharge. On average, there were 6.7 deaths per 100 cases of pTBI. Conclusions Only 38 LMICs have published data on the volume and burden of pTBI in their country. Limited data available suggests that young male children are at a high-risk of pTBIs in LMICs, particularly from road traffic accidents.

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