scholarly journals Estimates of Victim Surface Area and Associated Extraction Force for Partial Entrapment in Grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Charles V. Schwab ◽  
Lauren E. Schwab ◽  
Pamela J. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Medial Malleolus ◽  
List Type ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Male Victim ◽  
Farm Safety ◽  
Grain Surface ◽  
Partial Extraction

HighlightsEight selected anthropometric landmarks were useful for estimating victim surface area and entrapment depth.Surface area estimates for a partially entrapped male victim ranged from 0.0716 to 2.7296 m2.Partial extraction force estimates for a male victim ranged from 0.29 to 3,693 N.Partial extraction force estimates were 18% greater on average when including the arm surface area than when not including the arms.Abstract. A prediction model for estimating extraction forces on entrapped victims was enhanced and modernized in 2018 from the original 1985 model. The prediction model was divided into two conditions based on the victim’s relative position to the grain surface. The first condition was when the victim is completely below the grain surface. The second condition was when the victim’s shoulders are above the grain surface; this condition is the focus of this research. A variable in the prediction model that changes with the depth of entrapment is the surface area of the victim. A sample of 60 male models was used to approximate the human surface area at optimal discrete positions selected based on visually identifiable anthropometric landmarks. The surface area estimates for those 60 partially entrapped male models ranged from 0.0716 to 2.7296 m2. Extraction forces for twelve partially entrapped male body types with various combinations of stature and body mass index were calculated. The extraction forces were calculated for conditions when the victim’s arms were raised (above the grain) and lowered (in the grain). Results from the prediction model showed that surface area contributed less to the partial extraction force for short underweight bodies than for tall extremely obese bodies. At the lower landmarks, i.e., medial malleolus (MM) and knee crease (KN), surface area did not contribute noticeably to the partial extraction force. The contribution of surface area was not noticeable until the victim was buried up to the crotch (landmark CR). Keywords: Farm safety, Grain entrapment, Prediction model, Rescue, Safety.

scholarly journals Extraction Force Prediction for Male Entrapment Victims with Different Body Types Submerged below the Grain Surface

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-90
Author(s):  
Charles V. Schwab ◽  
Lauren E. Schwab ◽  
Pamela J. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Common Input ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Grain Surface

Abstract. One contributor to agriculture’s high death rate is confined space fatalities caused by entrapment in grain. Over 1,000 grain-related fatalities have been documented by researchers in 43 states, and states with the largest grain storage capacities have been shown to experience a proportionally larger number of suffocation fatalities. Several researchers have measured extraction forces in specific conditions, but a reference standard is needed for estimating the extraction forces for grain suffocation victims in common conditions. A prediction model for estimating extraction forces was developed using the principle of boundary shear, an approximation of human surface area, and a commonly accepted equation for lateral granular pressure. This research reintroduces the prediction model for extraction forces and explores several sensitivity analyses of the input variables. It also updates the anthropometric data used in the model calculations and produces extraction force estimates for adult male victims with different body shapes submerged below the grain surface. Results from the prediction model are presented graphically for common input variables, various entrapment depths, and adult male body shapes. Keywords: Farm safety, Grain suffocation, Prediction model, Rescue, Safety.

scholarly journals Response: An exploration of the association between male body mass index and semen quality

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-484
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ghiyath Shayeb ◽  
Kirsten Harrild ◽  
Eileen Mathers ◽  
Siladitya Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Male Body

Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area and Their Associations with Outcomes in Stage II and III Colon Cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Alipour ◽  
Hagen F. Kennecke ◽  
Ryan Woods ◽  
Howard J. Lim ◽  
Caroline Speers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Stage Ii

New formula for predicting standard liver and spleen volumes in Chinese adults

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longbao Yang ◽  
Gang Zhao ◽  
Xinxing Tantai ◽  
Cailan Xiao ◽  
Caifeng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Liver Volume ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Spleen Volume ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Volume Formula

Abstract BACKGROUNDThe liver volume and spleen volum are useful index for cirrhosis patients with esphageal varices. But the calculation of the volume is time-consuming and boring. To solve the problem, we successfully established the liver and spleen volume formula using the body surface area. We compared the liver volume formula with other four formulas, which be proved with highest accuracy and lowest error. Until now, except for the new spleen volume formula in the research, there are few reports about it.AIMTo obtain a reference range of morphological indices, and to establish a formula to accurately predict the standard liver and spleen volumes in Chinese adults.METHODSComputed tomography was used to calculate the estimated total liver volume and spleen volume of 305 Chinese adults without any diseases which could influence the volumes of these two organs. Gender, age, body height, body weight, body surface area and body mass index were determined. Correlation analysis and step-wise multiple linear regression analysis were performed to evaluate the impact of each parameter on the liver and spleen volumes, and then a formula to predict the liver and spleen volumes was established. Finally, the results obtained with the new liver volume formula with existing formulas in a validation group were compared.RESULTSThe average liver and spleen volume values were 1043.18 ± 244.60 cm3 and 175.07 ± 88.15 cm3, respectively. Age, body height, body weight, body surface area and body mass index were significantly correlated with liver and spleen volume. Body surface area showed the strongest correlation with liver volume and spleen volume( p<0.005 and p<0.001). Based on these results, new formulas to calculate the standard liver volume and standard spleen volume were established.CONCLUSIONSCompared the new liver volume formula with the existing formula, it is found that the new liver volume is more accurate. And the accuracy of the spleen volume formula is acceptable. Core tip: To solve the problem of time-consuming and boring in calculating the liver and spleen volume, we successfully established the liver and spleen volume formula can be used in Chinese adult. Though there are some reports about the liver volume, but it is different in spleen volume. The liver volume and spleen volume radio is an useful index to predict the esophageal varices and bleeding risk for cirrhosis patients. Only liver volume formula is not enough, the finding of the spleen volume is very meaningful.

Two-dimensional echocardiographic right ventricle measurements adjusted to body mass index and surface area in a normal population

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masood Eslami ◽  
Farnoush Larti ◽  
Mehrdad Larry ◽  
Parisa Molaee ◽  
Roya Sattarzadeh Badkoobeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Two Dimensional

Kidney Size and Body Size in the Context of Salt and Blood Pressure

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (s8) ◽  
pp. 419s-421s
Author(s):  
F. O. Simpson ◽  
R. Doesburg ◽  
A. G. Dempster ◽  
M. Kihara ◽  
Y. Yamori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Kidney Weight ◽  
Kidney Size ◽  
European Origin ◽  
New Zealanders

1. Kidney weight was analysed for Japanese and New Zealanders of European origin who had died sudden deaths. 2. Kidney weight was relatively greater in Japanese than in New Zealanders. 3. Kidney weight was closely related to body surface area and weight and less closely to height and body mass index. 4. As kidney function is related to kidney size and thus in turn to body size it is advisable to take account of body size in analyses of sodium intake and excretion in relation to blood pressure.

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