scholarly journals Wheat Strip Effects on Microbial Transport Following Variable Applications of Beef Cattle Manure

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-270
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Durso ◽  
John E. Gilley ◽  
David B. Marx ◽  
Chance A. Thayer ◽  
Bryan L. Woodbury
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Microbial Transport ◽  
Vegetative Filter Strips ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement

Abstract. Vegetative filter strips (VFS) consisting of perennial vegetation have been successfully used to reduce the transport of contaminants in runoff from land application areas. The effectiveness of a winter wheat strip, which may be more acceptable to producers, in reducing microbial transport was examined in this study. A 1.4 m wheat strip was used to allow direct comparison with experimental results obtained in previous studies. Beef cattle manure was applied to 0.75 m wide by 4.0 m long plots established on an Aksarben silty clay loam located in southeast Nebraska. Manure was added at rates required to meet the 0- 1-, 2-, or 4-year phosphorus requirement for corn. The transport of selected microbes was measured for three 30 min simulated rainfall events separated by 24 h intervals. The narrow wheat strip did not significantly reduce counts of any of the measured microbes. The application of manure to meet the 4-year P requirement resulted in and enterococci loads that were significantly greater than the 1-year P requirement. Rainfall simulation run significantly affected measurements of phages, total coliforms, , and enterococci, with measurements during the three runs varying from 9.35 to 10.9 log plaque-forming units (PFU) ha-1, from 11.5 to 12.1 log colony-forming units (CFU) ha-1, from 12.1 to 12.5 log CFU ha-1, and from 11.1 to 11.4 log CFU ha-1, respectively. The transport of was found to be significantly correlated to selected nutrient loads and electrical conductivity of runoff. The presence of narrow wheat strips did not reduce microbial loads in runoff. Keywords: Bacteria, Cattle manure, E. coli, Filter strips, Land application, Manure management, Manure runoff, Microbial, Microorganisms, Runoff.

scholarly journals Narrow Grass Hedge Effects on Microbial Transport Following Variable Applications of Beef Cattle Manure

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Durso ◽  
John E. Gilley ◽  
David B. Marx ◽  
Bryan L. Woodbury
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Microbial Transport ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Application Rates

Abstract. The effectiveness of a 1.4 m wide grass hedge in reducing microbial transport following manure application was examined in this study. Beef cattle manure was applied to 0.75 m wide by 4.0 m long plots established on an Aksarben silty clay loam located in southeast Nebraska. Manure was added at rates required to meet none or the 1-, 2-, or 4-year nitrogen requirements for corn. The transport of phages, total coliforms, , and enterococci was measured for three 30 min simulated rainfall events, which were separated by approximately 24 h intervals. The narrow grass hedge reduced total counts of phages, , and enterococci from 10.8 to 9.01 log PFU ha-1, from 12.4 to 11.9 log CFU ha-1, and from 11.8 to 11.2 log CFU ha-1, respectively. For the plots that received manure, no significant differences in transport of phages or enterococci were found among the three manure application rates. Rainfall simulation run significantly affected measurements of phages, total coliforms, and enterococci, with measurements during the three runs varying from 8.91 to 10.5 log PFU ha-1, from 12.7 to 13.3 log CFU ha-1, and from 11.2 to 11.7 log CFU ha-1, respectively. Counts for phages, total coliforms, and enterococci were significantly less for the first than the second and third rainfall simulation runs. All four of the microbial constituents were significantly correlated to dissolved P, particulate P, total P, and total N. A narrow grass hedge placed on the contour significantly reduced microbial transport following variable applications of beef cattle manure. Keywords: Bacteria, Cattle manure, E. coli, Filter strips, Land application, Manure management, Manure runoff, Microbial, Microorganisms, Runoff.

scholarly journals Aerial Nitrogen Fluxes and Soil Nitrate in response to Fall-Applied Manure and Fertilizer Applications in Eastern South Dakota

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mukesh Mehata ◽  
Erin Cortus ◽  
Suresh Niraula ◽  
Mindy J. Spiehs ◽  
Joseph Darrington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Fluxes ◽  
N Flux

Manure and inorganic fertilizer help to meet crop nitrogen demand by supplementing soil nitrogen (N). However, excessive N losses reduce soil fertility and crop yield and can impair water and air quality. The objectives of the research were to compare different forms of fall-applied N for (1) the change in soil nitrate (NO3-N) over the growing season and (2) the aerial ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes during the fall and early growing season. Treatments included solid beef cattle manure with bedding (BM), solid beef cattle manure only (SM), urea (UO), and no fertilizer (NF). The two-year plot-scale study took place in Brookings County, South Dakota, under rain-fed conditions in a silty clay loam. Manure and urea were applied at equal plant-available N rates of 130 and 184 kg·N·ha−1 in Y1 and Y2, respectively, according to the South Dakota nutrient management planning process. The average total (i.e., 0–0.60 m soil depth) soil NO3-N for Y1 (83 kg·ha−1) was significantly higher than Y2 (67 kg·ha−1), whereas surface (i.e., 0–0.15 m soil depth) soil NO3-N was not significantly different between years. The average surface soil NO3-N (33.5 kg·ha−1) and total soil NO3-N (105.0 kg·ha−1) for UO were significantly higher than the remaining treatments (P<0.05). Soil water NO3-N concentrations, leaf-N, corn-grain-N, and yield measurements did not indicate any significant differences between treatments. Based on the two-year average, the highest NH3-N flux occurred from the BM (3.4 g·ha−1·h−1); however, this flux was only significantly higher than NF (1.4 g·ha−1·h−1). The NH3-N fluxes from UO (2.2 g·ha−1·h−1) and SM (1.7 g·ha−1·h−1) were similar to both BM and NF. The N2O-N flux from UO (0.79 g·ha−1·h−1) was significantly greater than NF (0.25 g·ha−1·h−1), while BM- (0.49 g·ha−1·h−1) and SM-produced (0.33 g·ha−1·h−1) N2O-N fluxes were not significantly different than neither UO nor NF. The three fall-applied N sources had similar aerial-N fluxes even though urea application resulted in significantly higher soil nitrate.

Phosphorus fractions in soil amended with organic and inorganic phosphorus sources

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abul Kashem ◽  
Olalekan Oluwole Akinremi ◽  
Geza Joseph Racz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Phosphorus Fractions ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Residual P ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Amended Soil

Information on the P fractions in soils treated with different organic amendments is needed to better manage land application of organic amendments to agricultural soils. This study investigated the forms and distribution of P after 1, 4 and 16 wk in a Lakeland silty clay loam soil using a sequential fractionation procedure. Phosphorus was added at rates of 0, 123, 307 and 614 mg P kg-1 in the form of biosolids, hog manure, cattle manure and fertilizer P. The largest difference among the amendments was in the water-extractable P fraction, which was significantly lower in soil amended with biosolids. Regression analysis showed that the slope of P increment in the H2O fraction as a function of P application rate was four times lower for biosolids (0.06) than for hog manure (0.24) and seven times lower than for fertilizer (0.42) amended soils. In the biosolids-amended soil, there was a net increase of H2O-P, NaOH-Pi and HCl-P fractions at the expense of organic P (NaOH-Po) and residual P fractions after 16 wk of incubation, signifying net P mineralization. In hog manure amended soil, H2O-P decreased by 128 mg kg-1 with a corresponding increase in the NaHCO3-P, possibly due to P sorption during the 16 wk of incubation. The results for cattle manure indicated net immobilization of P as the H2O-P and NaHCO3-P declined while the inorganic P (NaOHPi), HCl-P and residual P increased with incubation time. The transformation of P in fertilizer-amended soil was similar to that of hog manure amended soil. The amount of labile P (defined as H2O-P plus NaHCO3-P) in amended soils followed the order of fertilizer P > hog manure > cattle manure > biosolids. Key words: Phosphorus fractions, sequential P extraction, incubation, organic amendments

scholarly journals Setback Distance Requirements for Removal of Swine Slurry Constituents in Runoff

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1885-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Gilley ◽  
Shannon L. Bartelt-Hunt ◽  
Kent M. Eskridge ◽  
Xu Li ◽  
Amy M. Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Application ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Swine Slurry ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Cropland Area ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus ◽  
Runoff Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Runoff ◽  
Setback Distance

Abstract. The use of setback distances for manure application on cropland areas adjacent to surface water bodies could serve a function similar to vegetative filter strips. However, little information currently exists to identify the setback distances necessary to effectively reduce the transport of contaminants in runoff. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of setback distance and runoff rate on concentrations of selected constituents in runoff following land application of swine slurry to a no-till cropland area in southeast Nebraska. The study site had a residue cover of 7.73 Mg ha-1 and a slope gradient of 4.9%. The twenty plots examined during the investigation were 3.7 m across the slope by 4.9, 7.9, 11.0, 17.1, or 23.2 m long. An initial set of rainfall simulation tests were completed to identify background concentrations of selected constituents. Swine slurry was then applied to the upper 4.9 m of each plot, and additional rainfall simulation tests were conducted on the same plots examined previously. A first-order exponential decay function was used to estimate the effects of setback distance on concentrations of selected constituents. A setback distance of 12.2 m reduced runoff concentrations of dissolved phosphorus (DP), NH4-N, total nitrogen (TN), boron, chloride, manganese, potassium, sulfate, zinc, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH to background values similar to those measured for the no-slurry condition. Runoff rate significantly influenced transport of several of the constituents, with concentrations generally decreasing as runoff rate increased. The transport of selected pollutants in runoff was significantly reduced when setback areas were employed. Keywords: Filter strips, Land application, Manure management, Manure runoff, Nitrogen, Nutrients, Phosphorus, Runoff, Swine slurry, Water quality.

Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Rainfall Simulation Runoff after Fresh and Composted Beef Cattle Manure Application

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1279-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim J. Miller ◽  
Edith C. S. Olson ◽  
David S. Chanasyk ◽  
Bruce W. Beasley ◽  
Francis J. Larney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Manure Application

scholarly journals Shallow water table effects on water, sediment, and pesticide transport in vegetative filter strips – Part 2: model coupling, application, factor importance, and uncertainty

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Lauvernet ◽  
Rafael Muñoz-Carpena
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Vegetative Filter Strips ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Pesticide Transport

Abstract. Vegetative filter strips are often used for protecting surface waters from pollution transferred by surface runoff in agricultural watersheds. In Europe, they are often prescribed along the stream banks, where a seasonal shallow water table (WT) could decrease the buffer zone efficiency. In spite of this potentially important effect, there are no systematic experimental or theoretical studies on the effect of this soil boundary condition on the VFS efficiency. In the companion paper (Muñoz-Carpena et al., 2018), we developed a physically based numerical algorithm (SWINGO) that allows the representation of soil infiltration with a shallow water table. Here we present the dynamic coupling of SWINGO with VFSMOD, an overland flow and transport mathematical model to study the WT influence on VFS efficiency in terms of reductions of overland flow, sediment, and pesticide transport. This new version of VFSMOD was applied to two contrasted benchmark field studies in France (sandy-loam soil in a Mediterranean semicontinental climate, and silty clay in a temperate oceanic climate), where limited testing of the model with field data on one of the sites showed promising results. The application showed that for the conditions of the studies, VFS efficiency decreases markedly when the water table is 0 to 1.5 m from the surface. In order to evaluate the relative importance of WT among other input factors controlling VFS efficiency, global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis (GSA) was applied on the benchmark studies. The most important factors found for VFS overland flow reduction were saturated hydraulic conductivity and WT depth, added to sediment characteristics and VFS dimensions for sediment and pesticide reductions. The relative importance of WT varied as a function of soil type (most important at the silty-clay soil) and hydraulic loading (rainfall + incoming runoff) at each site. The presence of WT introduced more complex responses dominated by strong interactions in the modeled system response, reducing the typical predominance of saturated hydraulic conductivity on infiltration under deep water table conditions. This study demonstrates that when present, the WT should be considered as a key hydrologic factor in buffer design and evaluation as a water quality mitigation practice.

scholarly journals Design a Vegetative Filter Strips Length Using VFSMOD_W Model for Reducing Sediments and Pesticides

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayat Kareem Shukur ◽  
Dawood E. Sachit
Keyword(s):  
Trapping Efficiency ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Vegetative Filter Strips ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Filter Length ◽  
Filter Strip ◽  
Vegetative Filter Strip ◽  
Receiving Stream ◽  
Strip Length

 Abstract  The vegetative filter strips (VFS) are a useful tool used for reducing the movement of sediment and pesticide in therivers. The filter strip’s soil can help in reducing the runoff volume by infiltration. However, the characteristics of VFS (i.e., length) are not recently identified depending on the estimation of VFS modeling performance. The aim of this research is to study these characteristics and determine acorrelation between filter strip length and percent reduction (trapping efficiency) for sediment, water, and pesticide. Two proposed pesticides(one has organic carbon sorption coefficient, Koc, of 147 L/kg which is more moveable than XXXX, and another one has a Koc of 2070 L/kg which is less moveable than XXXX) are presented, where the goal is to prevent 95% of incoming sediment and 85% of the incoming pesticide to reach a receiving stream in still water, Oklahoma from a cultivated field (1250 m²),for 2 hour storm with 5 years return period. Several VFS lengths were simulated including1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, and 13 m. The results showed that the percent of reduction of sediment, pesticide, and water mainly depends on VFS lengths. Moreover, considering the design storms range, the simulation illustrated that the optimal filter length was13m for silty clay loam. When the value of   was increased from 147 L/kg to 6070 L/kg, the filter length decreased from 13 to 9.5 because of the increase in trapping efficiency. In addition, the results revealed that the trap­ping efficiency was for sediment but not for water orpesticide which was highly impacted by the narrow filter strips. The amount of the rainfall and runoff of the designated field was larger than the infiltration capacity of filter strips, which resulted in low trapping efficiency for pesticide and water. Keywords: Models ,runoff, sediment, vegetative filter strip, , water quality, watershed planning.

scholarly journals Microbial Transport as Affected by Residue Cover and Manure Application Rate

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-694
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Durso ◽  
John E. Gilley ◽  
David B. Marx ◽  
Chance A. Thayer ◽  
Bryan L. Woodbury
Keyword(s):  
Total Coliform ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Microbial Transport ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli

Abstract. Manure is applied to cropland areas with varying surface cover to meet single- or multiple-year crop nutrient requirements. The objectives of this field study were to (1) examine microbial transport following land application of manure to sites with and without wheat residue, (2) compare microbial loads following land application to meet the 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8-year P-based requirements for corn, and (3) evaluate the effects of rainfall simulation run on microbial transport. Manure was added and incorporated by disking plots that were 0.75 m wide by 2.0 m long. Three 30 min simulated rainfall events, separated by 24 h intervals, were then applied at an intensity of 70 mm h-1. Plots containing wheat residue had a total coliform load of 12.6 log CFU ha-1, which was significantly greater than the 12.4 log CFU ha-1 measured on the plots without wheat residue. The plots with and without wheat residue had transport rates of and enterococci that were not significantly different. The plots on which manure was added at rates varying from 5.4 to 42.8 Mg ha-1 had counts of total coliforms and enterococci that were not significantly different. Rainfall simulation run did not significantly affect measurements of phages, total coliforms, or enterococci. Transport of selected microbes was found to be significantly affected by residue cover, manure application rate, and rainfall simulation run. Keywords: Bacteria, Cattle manure, E. coli, Feedlots, Land application, Manure management, Manure runoff, Microbial, Microorganisms, Runoff.

scholarly journals Shallow water table effects on water, sediment and pesticide transport in vegetative filter strips: Part B. model coupling, application, factor importance and uncertainty

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Lauvernet ◽  
Rafael Muñoz-Carpena
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Vegetative Filter Strips ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Pesticide Transport

Abstract. Vegetative filter strips are often used for protecting surface waters from pollution transferred by surface runoff in agricultural watersheds. In Europe, they are often prescribed along the stream banks, where a seasonal shallow water table (WT) could decrease the buffer zone efficiency. In spite of this potentially important effect, there are no systematic experimental or theoretical studies on the effect of this soil boundary condition on the VFS efficiency. In the companion paper, we developed a physically-based numerical algorithm (SWINGO) that allows representing soil infiltration with a shallow water table. Here we present the dynamic coupling of SWINGO with VFSMOD, an overland flow and transport mathematical model to study the WT influence on VFS efficiency in terms of reductions of overland flow, sediment and pesticide transport. This new version of VFSMOD was evaluated with two contrasted benchmark field studies in France (sandy-loam soil under Mediterranean semi-continental climate, and silty-clay under temperate Oceanic climate), where testing of the model with field data showed promising results. The analysis showed that for the conditions of the studies, VFS efficiency decreases markedly when the water table is 0 to 1.5 m from the surface. In order to evaluate the relative importance of WT among other input factors controlling VFS efficiency, two global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis (GSA) methods, Morris and eFAST, were applied on the benchmark studies. The most important factors found for VFS overland flow reduction were saturated hydraulic conductivity and WT, added to sediment characteristics and VFS dimensions for sediment and pesticide reductions. The relative importance of WT varied as a function of soil type (most important at the silty-clay soil) and hydraulic loading (rainfall + incoming runoff) at each site. The presence of WT introduced more complex responses dominated by strong interactions in the modelled system response, reducing the predominance of saturated hydraulic conductivity on infiltration under typical deep water table conditions. This study demonstrates that when present, WT should be considered as a key hydrologic factor in buffer design and evaluation as a water quality mitigation practice.

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