Silvicultural, hydro-orological and economic aspects of a combination of vegetative (Falcataria moluccana-Vigna cylindrica) and terrace systems in soils of different slopes

Abstract. Karyati, Sarminah S, Karmini, Rujehan, Lestari VFE, Panorama WS. 2019. Silvicultural, hydro-orological and economic aspects of a combination of vegetative (Falcataria moluccana-Vigna cylindrica) and terrace systems in soils of different slopes. Biodiversitas 20: xxxx. Soil and water conservation techniques involving a combination of vegetative and mechanical systems will increase the benefits from both conservation aspect as well as economic aspect. This study was aimed at analyzing the silvicultural, hydro-orological and economic aspects of a combination of vegetative (Falcataria moluccana-Vigna cylindrica) and terrace system in soils of different slopes (a steep and a very steep slope gradient). The silvicultural parameters examined in this study were the ground coverage of V. cylindrica growth and survival rate, stem diameter and height of F. moluccana trees. The hydro-orological parameters included erosion rate, erosion hazard index, erosion hazard class, and erosion hazard level. The economic parameters included total cost, total revenue, and profit. The result showed that the survival rate, diameter increment and height increment of F. moluccana, and ground coverage of V. cylindrica in the land with the steep slope (>25-45%) was 90%, 2.02 cm year-1, 1.54 m year-1, and 80-90%, respectively. The erosion rate, erosion hazard index, erosion hazard class, and erosion hazard level in this steep slope was 0.38 ton ha year-1, 0.03 (low), I (very low), and very low, respectively. In the steeper ground (>45%), the survival rate of F. moluccana reached 90%, the V. cylindrica coverage was 70-79% and the diameter and height increment of F. moluccana was 1.63 cm year-1 and 1.19 m year-1, respectively. The erosion rate was 1.81 ton ha-1 year-1, erosion hazard index of 0.13 (low), erosion hazard class was I (very low), and erosion hazard level was low in the very steep slope land. The profit from V. cylindrica was Rp 3,865,000.00 ha-1 cropping season-1 and Rp 665,000.00 ha-1 cropping season-1 in steep slope and very steep slope, respectively. The application of the proposed combination of vegetative and terrace system could reduce surface runoff and erosion rate in the long term, in addition to providing short term economic benefits.

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The mixed cropping of Anthocephalus cadamba and Glycine max for rehabilitating sloping lands

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d190614 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 2088-2095

Author(s):

KARYATI KARYATI ◽

SRI SARMINAH ◽

KARMINI KARMINI ◽

GUNAWAN SIMANGUNSONG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Erosion Rate ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Agroforestry System ◽

Steep Slope ◽

Mixed Cropping ◽

Erosion Hazard ◽

Sloping Lands ◽

Anthocephalus Cadamba

Karyati, Sarminah S, Karmini, Simangunsong G, Tamba J. 2018. The mixed cropping of Anthocephalus cadamba and Glycine max for rehabilitating sloping lands. Biodiversitas 19: 2088-2095. Agroforestry system is one of the many alternatives to overcome problems concerning sloping lands. The objectives of this current study were to analyze the effect of agroforestry system in the form of mixed cropping of jabon tree (Anthocephalus cadamba Mig) and soybean (Glycine max Merr) on growth and hydro-orological aspects on sloping lands with different steepness (a slightly steep and a steep slope gradient). The growth parameters (survival rate, ground coverage, diameter increment, and height increment) and hydro-orological parameters (surface runoff, potential erosion, erosion hazard index, and erosion hazard level) were observed in this study. The findings showed that on the slightly steep slope (>15-25%) land, the survival rate of A. cadamba was 90%, the ground coverage of the G. max was 70-79%, the diameter and the height increments of A. cadamba trees were 1.8 cm year-1 and 13.8 cm year-1 respectively. Meanwhile, the potential erosion rate and the erosion hazard index were 32.13 ton ha-1 year-1 and 1.29, respectively. In the steeper slope (>25-45%), the survival rate of A. cadamba reached 90%, the G. max ground cover reached 60-69%, the diameter and height increments of the A. cadamba reached 1.5 cm year-1 and 12.0 cm year-1 respectively. Furthermore, in the steep slope, the potential erosion rate was 52.51 ton ha-1 year-1 and the erosion hazard index was 2.10. In addition, the potential erosion rate and the erosion hazard index in the control plot were higher than those in slightly steep slope. Therefore, it could be implied that the application of A. cadamba and G. max mixed cropping system could rehabilitate sloping lands.

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Conservation and economic aspects of a combination of forestry-agricultural crops (Neolamarckia cadamba-Phaseolus vulgaris) and terrace systems in different slope classes

Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology ◽

10.20961/stjssa.v18i1.47708 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 98

Author(s):

Karyati Karyati ◽

Sri Sarminah ◽

Karmini Karmini ◽

Ali Muhammad Akbar ◽

Rifaldi Hermansyah

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Crop Production ◽

Steep Slope ◽

Agricultural Crops ◽

Economic Aspects ◽

Hazard Class ◽

Steep Gradient ◽

Erosion Hazard ◽

Cropping Season

The utilization of steep lands by planting forestry and agricultural species can provide benefits from soil-water conservation and economic aspects. The combination of planting Neolamarckia cadamba-Phaseolus vulgaris and terrace systems can increase land use values, such as soil conservation, crop production, and farmers’ income. The aim of this study was to analyze silvicultural, hydro-orological, and economic aspects of a combination of forestry-agricultural crops (N. cadamba – P. vulgaris) and terrace systems on two slope classes. Two study plots were established on a steep gradient (25–40%) and a very steep gradient (>40%). The results showed an annual increase in the average diameter and height of N. cadamba of 1.78 cm and 1.84 m, respectively on the steep slope, and 1.68 cm and 1.53 m, respectively on the very steep slope. The surface run off and erosion rate were lower on the steep ground compared to the very steep ground. Erosion hazard indices and levels on the plots in the steep slope and very steep slope were categorized as low and very low; meanwhile the erosion hazard class was I. The profit of P. vulgaris cultivation was IDR 9,360,000.00 ha–1 per cropping season on steep slope and IDR 6,480,000.00 ha–1 per cropping season on very steep slope. The planting of P. vulgaris as an intercropping plant to fill empty land in between N. cadamba can increase the economic value obtained from selling P. vulgaris in the short term until the leaves of the N. cadamba plant are linked. The combination of planting N. cadamba–P. vulgaris and terrace system on steep slopes is therefore more profitable not only from the economic perspective, but also in lowering runoff and potential erosion rates than on very steep lands.

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Rehabilitation and soil conservation of degraded land using sengon (Falcataria moluccana) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agroforestry system

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d190130 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 222-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

SRI SARMINAH ◽

KARYATI KARYATI ◽

KARMINI KARMINI ◽

JHONATAN SIMBOLON ◽

ERIKSON TAMBUNAN

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Soil Conservation ◽

Erosion Rate ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Agroforestry System ◽

Height Increment ◽

Degraded Land ◽

Erosion Hazard ◽

Ground Coverage ◽

Hazard Level

Sarminah S, Karyati, Karmini, Simbolon J, Tambunan E. 2018. Rehabilitation and soil conservation of degraded land using sengon (Falcataria moluccana) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agroforestry system. Biodiversitas 19: 222-228. Rehabilitation and soil conservation effort on degraded lands is not always a success. Multiple factors, such as the fieldâ€™ biogeophysical conditions and the choice of suitable plant species determine the effectivity of the rehabilitation program. Our research aimed to implement agroforestry system of sengon (Falcataria moluccana) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) on degraded land at different soil slopes (a steep and a slightly steep slope gradient) and to analyze the effect of the system on silvicultural and hydro-orological aspects of the degraded land. The silvicultural parameters examined in this study were the ground coverage of peanut growth and the stem diameter and height of sengon trees. Meanwhile, the hydro-orological parameters included potential erosion rate, erosion hazard index, and erosion hazard level. Our study revealed that on the land with the slightly steep slope (15-25%), the survival rate of sengon reached 90%, the ground coverage of the peanuts was 70-80%, the diameter and height increment of sengon trees reached 2.47 cm/year and 17.58 cm/year, respectively. Meanwhile, the potential erosion rate was 20.05 ton/ha/year, with an erosion hazard index of 0.80 (low) and a low hazard level. In the steeper ground (25-40%), the survival rate of sengon reached 90%, the peanut coverage was 50-60% and the diameter and height increment of the sengon were 2.37 cm/year and 16.41 cm/year, respectively. In the steep ground, potential erosion rate was 45.50 ton/ha/year, with an erosion hazard index of 3.25 (moderate) and a low hazard level. We concluded that the rehabilitation and soil conservation using sengon-peanut agroforestry system effectively suppressed erosion rate to a low erosion hazard.

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Analisis Tingkat Bahaya Erosi di Sub DAS Simaimai Kabupaten Deli Serdang.

JUPIIS JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL ◽

10.24114/jupiis.v11i2.12564 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 193

Author(s):

Fanjosafat Sitohang ◽

Kamarlin Pinem

Keyword(s):

Random Sampling ◽

Soil Loss ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Classification Criteria ◽

Class Iii ◽

Hazard Class ◽

Erosion Hazard ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

Hazard Level ◽

Soil Loss Equation

This study aims to determine, the erosion hazard that occurs and the level of erosion hazard that occurs in the Simaimai Sub-watershed in Deli Serdang Regency. This research was carried out in 2018 in the Simaimai sub-watershed. The population in this study was all land units in the Simaimai Sub-watershed with a sample of 8 land units taken using the Stratified Random Sampling technique. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative, namely to describe the erosion hazard using the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) method and the erosion hazard level by combining erosion hazard values with erosion hazard level classification criteria. The results showed that: (1) the erosion hazard in the Simaimai sub-watershed was divided into four classes. The most dominant erosion hazard class in Simaimai Sub-watershed is class III, which is in 4 land units. While the most extensive erosion hazard class is the class I erosion hazard found in two land units. The heaviest erosion hazard class (IV) is found in AnLKIV land units. While the smallest erosion hazard class is class II erosion hazard. (2) the level of erosion hazard in the Simaimai watershed includes erosion levels of very light (SR), mild (R), moderate (S), heavy (B) and very heavy (SB).

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Estimation of Erosion Using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) Method in the Ranu Pani Watershed in the Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru

Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan ◽

10.21776/ub.jtsl.2022.009.1.12 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 111-119

Author(s):

Qowam Mutashim Maulana ◽

Zaenal Kusuma ◽

Kurniawan Sigitt Wicaksono

Keyword(s):

Spatial Data ◽

Soil Structure ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Granular Soil ◽

Class Iii ◽

Hazard Class ◽

Erosion Hazard ◽

Index Value ◽

Almost All ◽

Very High

The land problem that commonly occurs in Ranu Pani Watershed is erosion. Ranu Pani Watershed is an area located in the mountains with very high soil erosion. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct good management in the upstream and downstream areas. The first step before carrying out the management is to analyze the occurrence of erosion in the Ranu Pani Watershed. The purpose of this research was to predict the potential erosion and the distribution of spatial data.. The results of the research showed that the erosivity value in the Ranu Pani Watershed was 961.44 and heavy to very heavy class (0.50-0.77) of erodibility, soil texture was dominated by silt, fine granular soil structure, and moderate dominant permeability. 56.80% of the area (158.27 ha) has a slop class III (15-30%) with the land cover are natural forest with lots of litter, grasslands, shrubs, and fields of onions and potatoes. Land management is managed cultivation follows the contour line but without conservation. The result of the calculation showed that almost all areas have potential erosion value exceed the permissible erosion determination, with the potential erosion value are 1.92-4246.28 tha-1 yr-1, the range of permissible erosion value are 0.029- 1.2 tha-1 yr-1, and the erosion hazard index value is 1.57-143442.49. The results of the spatial analysis showed that 64.39% of the area (179.41 ha) has a very heavy erosion hazard class and 69.50% of the area (193.66 ha) has a very high erosion hazard index.

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Determination of the Most Priority Conservation Areas Based on Population Pressure and Erosion Hazard Levels in Lesti Sub-Watershed, Malang Regency, Indonesia

10.5772/intechopen.95386 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andi Setyo Pambudi

Keyword(s):

Erosion Rate ◽

Environmental Conservation ◽

Population Pressure ◽

Research Approach ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Conservation Action ◽

Population Activity ◽

Erosion Hazard ◽

Action Analysis ◽

Hazard Level

In a watershed, the Erosion Hazard Level (EHL) is usually associated with erosion rate and existing soil solum. In Lesti Sub-Watershed, erosion rate increases every year due to erosivity factor, erodibility, the length and slope, as well as crop factor and land conservation action. Analysis of erosion associated with population pressure has not been much discussed in the Lesti Sub-Watershed. This topic needs to be explored given that the erosion rate that affects sedimentation in the Sengguruh Reservoir, as an outlet of the Lesti Sub-Watershed, cannot be separated from the population activity therein. The population activity and the choice of use of land suppress the land so that it affects the carrying capacity of the watershed. Measuring land strength is usually based on the value of existing population pressure and its effect on vulnerability or erosion hazard level. This study seeks to assess the relationship between erosion hazard level and population pressure, as well as to determine the priority conservation areas in the Lesti Sub-watershed. The research approach uses a mixed method. The results shows that from 12 sub-districts in Lesti Sub-watershed there is 1 sub-district which has high population pressure as well as severe EHL. This sub-district is the most priority area for environmental conservation.

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Effect of DEM Resolution on Erosion in Batang Kuranji Watershed

Jurnal Ilmiah Poli Rekayasa ◽

10.30630/jipr.15.2.163 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 20

Author(s):

Elvi Roza Syofyan ◽

Bambang Istijono ◽

Amrizal Saidi ◽

Revalin Herdianto

Keyword(s):

Soil Erosion ◽

Land Cover ◽

Sea Level ◽

Erosion Rate ◽

Class Ii ◽

Class I ◽

Hazard Class ◽

Dem Resolution ◽

Main River ◽

Rate Calculation

Batang Kuranji Watershed is one of the region river at Indragiri - Akuaman with a total area of Watershed 224.7 km2 consisting of Batang Sungai Sapiah Sub Watershed, Batang Danau Limau Manih Sub Watershed, Batang Sungkai Sub Watershed, Batang Bukik Tindawan Sub Watershed and Batang Padang Janiah Sub Watershed. Batang Kuranji flows from upstream of the Bukit Barisan with the highest elevation + 1,605 meters above sea level at the peak of Bukit Tinjau Laut and empties into the Padang beach with a main river length of ± 32.41. DEM has an influence on the results of land erosion by affecting the slope accuracy. The higher the DEM resolution, the more precise the results of the soil erosion simulation. With the Musle method the rate of erosion occurs in the Batang Kuranji watershed, with DEM data of 8m and land cover in 2017, an erosion rate of 23.91 tons / ha / year is classified in hazard class II (light), DEM data of 30m erosion rate is 7. 70 tons / ha / year are classified in hazard class I (very mild), with DEM data of 90m erosion rate of 4.54 tons / ha / year classified in hazard I class (very light). It can be seen that the higher the DEM resolution, the more accurate the erosion rate calculation in the watershed.

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PREDIKSI TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS (SIG) DI DAERAH TANGKAPAN AIR DANAU WISATA BANDAR KAYANGAN

Wahana Forestra Jurnal Kehutanan ◽

10.31849/forestra.v12i2.206 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 20-28

Author(s):

Eva Suyanti ◽

Hadinoto Hadinoto ◽

Muhammad Ikhwan

Keyword(s):

Land Cover ◽

Soil Type ◽

Soil Conservation ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Crop Management ◽

Primary Data ◽

Survey Method ◽

Slope Length ◽

Land Unit ◽

Erosion Hazard

This study aims to determine the level of erosion hazard through erosion prediction by USLE method and Geographic Information System (GIS) at Water Catchment Area (WCA) Danau Wisata Bandar Kayangan. This research was conducted at WCA Danau Wisata Bandar Kayangan, Limbungan Village, District Rumbai, Pekanbaru. The research data was collected by survey method. Secondary data collection includes a slope digital map, land cover map, rainfall data, and soil type map of WCA Danau Wisata Bandar Kayangan. While the primary data is done by field checking to know land use pattern and soil type around WCA Danau Wisata Bandar Kayangan. The result shows that the erosivity index (R) is 108. The soil erodibility index (K) in Podsolik Merah Kuning (PMK) is 0.166. Slope length index (LS) on slope <8% flatland (20), 8 -15% ramps (15), 16 - 25% slightly steep (10). Crop management and soil conservation (CP) index covers settlement (1), Bush / 0.01), plantation (0,02), and lake (0,01). The result of overlay of rainfall maps, soil type, slope class, and crop management and soil conservation obtained 46 land units at WCA Danau Wisata Bandar Kayangan. The highest Erosion Hazard Index (EHI) is found on land unit 45 of 358 on residential land cover. The largest potential erosion on land unit 44 with soil loss is 41,189.45 ton / ha / yr. Level of EHI in WCA Area of Danau Wisata Bandar Kayangan includes Class EHI1: Very Light area of 32,627 ha; EHI Class 2: Lightweight of 59.86 ha; Class EHI 3: Medium area of 247.52 ha; Class EHI 4: Weight of 977,127 ha, Class EHI 5: Very Weight of 4,549.43 ha.

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Bank instability and erosion problems in Bishnumati River, Kathmandu, Nepal

Journal of Nepal Geological Society ◽

10.3126/jngs.v34i0.31885 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 109-116

Author(s):

Basanta Raj Adhikari ◽

Naresh Kazi Tamrakar

Keyword(s):

Riparian Vegetation ◽

River Sediments ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Bank Erosion ◽

Buffer Zone ◽

Rooting Depth ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Surface Protection ◽

Erosion Hazard ◽

Bagmati River

The Bishnumati River, a major tributary of the Bagmati River in the Kathmandu basin, suffers from bank erosion, river instability, and environmental degradation. These processes are responsible for the loss of sediments, modification of river morphology, loss of vegetative buffer zone, and deterioration of stream environment. Bank erosion hazard in the Bishnumati River was assessed at ten different reaches using bank height ratio, ratio of riparian vegetation rooting depth to bank height, rooting density percentage, bank slope, and bank surface protection. Vertical and lateral stability of the river was assessed at four reference segments, namely at Bishnumatigaun, Okhaltar, Mahadevtar, and Tamsipakha, respectively from upstream to downstream. The riverbanks in the Bishnumatigaun segment show fluctuating trends of bank erosion potential from upstream to downstream. All the four segments of the Bishnumati River are vertically unstable and all the segments except the Okhaltar are entrenched. The Tamsipakha and Okhaltar segments have a high risk of lateral shifting, as they possess high values of bank erosion hazard index, meandering width ratio, and width-depth ratio. The Bishnumati river is in a degrading condition and capable of eroding sediments. The main causes of river instability are the excavation of river sediments, encroachment on riverbanks, clearing of riparian vegetation, and canalization.

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KAJIAN KONDISI BIOFOSIK LAHAN DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI DI SUBDAS CIUJUNG HULU, PROVINSI BANTEN

Jurnal Hutan Tropis ◽

10.20527/jht.v9i1.10486 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 119

Author(s):

Egidius Naitkakin ◽

Latief Mahir Rachman ◽

Yayat Hidayat

Keyword(s):

Land Cover ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Vegetation Cover ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Buffer Zone ◽

Forest Land ◽

Degraded Land ◽

Erosion Hazard ◽

Erosion Index ◽

Very High

The upstream of a watershed is a buffer zone and it protects the whole watershed. The degradation of a watershed is caused by uncotrolled uses of the land and exploitation of the nature resources such as forest, land, and water. It causes the changes in the carrying capacity of the watershed, especially in biophysical aspects. This research aims to study the watershed biophysical condition in Ciujung Hulu Watershed, Banten Province. Biophysical condition analyzed using Forestry Minister Regulation P.61/Menhut-II/2014 for degraded land class, land cover percentage, and Erosion Hazard Index. The condition of the land, such as degraded land, vegetation cover, and erosion index, analyzed using modification of Forestry Minister Regulation Perdirjen BPDAS PS Nomor P.4/V-SET/2013. The result of the study showed that the percentage of degraded land, vegetation cover percentage, and erosion index were 25,85% (severe degraded land), 9,77% (very low covered), and 30,89 (Very high).

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