scholarly journals Effect of DEM Resolution on Erosion in Batang Kuranji Watershed

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Elvi Roza Syofyan ◽  
Bambang Istijono ◽  
Amrizal Saidi ◽  
Revalin Herdianto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Dem Resolution ◽  
Main River ◽  
Rate Calculation

Batang Kuranji Watershed is one of the region river at Indragiri - Akuaman with a total area of Watershed 224.7 km2 consisting of Batang Sungai Sapiah Sub Watershed, Batang Danau Limau Manih Sub Watershed, Batang Sungkai Sub Watershed, Batang Bukik Tindawan Sub Watershed and Batang Padang Janiah Sub Watershed. Batang Kuranji flows from upstream of the Bukit Barisan with the highest elevation + 1,605 meters above sea level at the peak of Bukit Tinjau Laut and empties into the Padang beach with a main river length of ± 32.41. DEM has an influence on the results of land erosion by affecting the slope accuracy. The higher the DEM resolution, the more precise the results of the soil erosion simulation. With the Musle method the rate of erosion occurs in the Batang Kuranji watershed, with DEM data of 8m and land cover in 2017, an erosion rate of 23.91 tons / ha / year is classified in hazard class II (light), DEM data of 30m erosion rate is 7. 70 tons / ha / year are classified in hazard class I (very mild), with DEM data of 90m erosion rate of 4.54 tons / ha / year classified in hazard I class (very light). It can be seen that the higher the DEM resolution, the more accurate the erosion rate calculation in the watershed.

scholarly journals Prediction of Land Erosion Events in the Down Stream Kreung Meureubo Watershed West Aceh District

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikhsan ◽  
Meylis Safriani ◽  
Cut Suciatina Silvia ◽  
Refvina Dari
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Land Conservation ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Rain Splash

This study aims to predict the occurrence of erosion in the downstream Krueng Meureubo watershed, West Aceh Regency. Erosion is the loss of topsoil due to rain splash which is analyzed as a factor of rain erosivity, but the occurrence of erosion is not necessarily calculated by the occurrence of rain alone, but many other factors, such as soil erodibility, slope and length of land, land cover and the presence or absence of land conservation efforts. the. The Krueng Meurebo watershed shows a large sediment transport, with an indication that the river is getting shallower caused by sediment deposition at the riverbed, this sediment comes from sediment carried through the process of soil erosion. The method used in analyzing the occurrence of soil erosion in this study is the USLE method and uses a Geographic Information System (GIS). The results obtained are the distribution of erosion rate values in 228 polygons, with the largest erosion rate value occurring in polygon 1 with an erosion rate of 8495.308 tons/ha/year. The smallest erosion rate occurs in polygons 30, 34, 35, 179, and 180, with an erosion rate of 0 meaning that there is no land erosion event, which occurs in organosol and glehumus and regosol soil types, land cover is settlements and water bodies. It is concluded that the occurrence of erosion in a land is very dependent on the type of soil and the type of land cover. It is recommended for land with large erosion events to take serious land conservation actions so that erosion events can be minimized and do not occur continuously which of course can cause the watershed to become critical. Conservation efforts can be carried out in various ways, one of which is by vegetative means using plants that can reduce the rate of soil erosion.

scholarly journals Future Scenarios of Soil Erosion in the Alps under Climate Change and Land Cover Transformations Simulated with Automatic Machine Learning

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Gianinetto ◽  
Martina Aiello ◽  
Renata Vezzoli ◽  
Francesco Niccolò Polinelli ◽  
Maria Cristina Rulli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Automatic Machine ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The Mean

Erosion is one of the major threats listed in the Soil Thematic Strategy of the European Commission and the Alps are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems, with one of the highest erosion rates of the whole European Union. This is the first study investigating the future scenarios of soil erosion in Val Camonica and Lake Iseo, which is one of the largest valleys of the central Italian Alps, considering both climate change and land cover transformations. Simulations were done with the Dynamic Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (D-RUSLE) model, which is able to account also for snow cover and land cover dynamics simulated with automatic machine learning. Results confirm that land cover projections, usually ignored in these studies, might have a significant impact on the estimates of future soil erosion. Our scenario analysis for 2100 shows that if the mean annual precipitation does not change significantly and temperature increases no more than 1.5–2.0 °C, then the erosion rate will decrease by 67% for about half of the study area. At the other extreme, if the mean annual precipitation increases by more than 8% and the temperature increases by more than 4.0 °C, then about three-quarters of the study area increases the erosion rate by 92%. What clearly emerges from the study is that regions with higher erosion anomalies (positive and negative) are expected to expand in the future, and their patterns will be modulated by future land transformations.

scholarly journals Sensitivity Assessment of Spatial Resolution Difference in DEM for Soil Erosion Estimation Based on UAV Observations: An Experiment on Agriculture Terraces in the Middle Hill of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Chhabi Lal Chidi ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Suresh Chaudhary ◽  
Donghong Xiong ◽  
Yanhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Slope Gradient ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Dem Resolution ◽  
Gradient Slope ◽  
Soil Erosion Rate ◽  
Sensitivity Assessment

Soil erosion in the agricultural area of a hill slope is a fundamental issue for crop productivity and environmental sustainability. Building terrace is a very popular way to control soil erosion, and accurate assessment of the soil erosion rate is important for sustainable agriculture and environmental management. Currently, many soil erosion estimations are mainly based on the freely available medium or coarse resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data that neglect micro topographic modification of the agriculture terraces. The development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology enables the development of high-resolution (centimeter level) DEM to present accurate topographic features. To demonstrate the sensitivity of soil erosion estimates to DEM resolution at this high-resolution level, this study tries to evaluate soil erosion estimation in the Middle Hill agriculture terraces in Nepal based on UAV derived high-resolution (5 × 5 cm) DEM data and make a comparative study for the estimates by using the DEM data aggregated into different spatial resolutions (5 × 5 cm to 10 × 10 m). Firstly, slope gradient, slope length, and topographic factors were calculated at different resolutions. Then, the revised universal soil loss estimation (RUSLE) model was applied to estimate soil erosion rates with the derived LS factor at different resolutions. The results indicated that there was higher change rate in slope gradient, slope length, LS factor, and soil erosion rate when using DEM data with resolution from 5 × 5 cm to 2 × 2 m than using coarser DEM data. A power trend line was effectively used to present the relationship between soil erosion rate and DEM resolution. The findings indicated that soil erosion estimates are highly sensitive to DEM resolution (from 5 × 5 cm to 2 × 2 m), and the changes become relatively stable from 2 × 2 m. The use of DEM data with pixel size larger than 2 × 2 m cannot detect the micro topography. With the insights about the influencing mechanism of DEM resolution on soil erosion estimates, this study provides important suggestions for appropriate DEM data selection that should be investigated first for accurate soil erosion estimation.

scholarly journals Infra Red Aerial Photograph Interpretation for Soil Erosion at Wuryantoro, Wonogiri

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
S Suharjo ◽  
Sugiharto Budi Santoso ◽  
Pujo Nur Cahyo ◽  
M Mulyono ◽  
Heru Sri Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Aerial Photograph ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
Erosion Hazard ◽  
Soil Erosion Rate ◽  
Supporting Soil ◽  
Rate Calculation

Collecting data of soil erosion hazard terrestrially needs much time, high cost, and large energy. Therefore it is needed appropriate technology in addition to terrestrially decreasing necessity of time, cost and energy. Aerial photograph is picture of earth surface, which shape and place similar to condition on earth surface. Using aerial photograph in this research is expected to be able to take account for erosion factors. This research is conducted in Kecamatan Wuryantoro Kabupaten Wonogiri. Research method that used is aerial photograph interpretation with land unit approach. Amounts of soil lost are approached with USLE formula. Aerial photograph that used in this research is aerial photograph coloured infrared with 1:10.000 in scale and 1991 in year of taking photography. The result shows that using aerial photograph is very useful in supporting soil erosion rate calculation. Erosion rate at research area is 0.0968 ton/ha/year to 100.4344 ton/ha/year. This number is included in class of light erosion hazard (

scholarly journals ECOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF NEW PESTICIDES FOR GRAIN CEREALS CHEMICAL PROTECTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
M.M. Korshun ◽  
Y.V. Martіianova
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Environmental Behavior ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mammalian Toxicity

Relevance. The use of pesticides in the national economy is to destroy or inhibit the growth of harmful plants and to protect crops from pathogens requires a mandatory assessment of their environmental hygienic hazard. Objective of our study is to assess the hazards of three new pesticides for cereal grains protection: amicarbazone from the chemical class of triazolinone compounds, bicyclopyrone from the class of tricetones and pydiflumetofen from the class of carboxamides, in terms of ecotoxicity and environmental behavior. Materials and methods. Hazard assessment of amicarbazone, bicyclopyrone and pydiflumetofen was performed on the basis of data sources on their physico-chemical characteristics, toxicometry parameters for different species of living things and indicators of environmental behavior. For potential hazards integral assess for terrestrial ecosystems an ecotox was calculated taking into account mammalian toxicity, persistence and maximum rate consumption. To identify the limiting section of migration, the mathematical modeling was performed in the systems "soil-water", "soil-plants" and "soil-atmospheric air". Results. Amicarbazone has been shown to be extremely toxic to algae and highly toxic to higher aquatic plants (HAP) (hazard class I), moderately toxic (class IV) to mammals, mildly toxic (class III) to birds, soil mesofauna and invertebrates, virtually non-toxic to bees and fish; bicyclopyrone - extremely toxic to HAP (class I) and moderately toxic (class II) to the most sensitive algae, mildly toxic (class III) to birds, fish and invertebrates and virtually non-toxic to other terrestrial fauna; pydiflumetofen is highly toxic (class I) to fish and invertebrates, moderately toxic (class II) to algae and HAP, virtually non-toxic to all terrestrial biota. Pydiflumetofen has been shown to be a highly resistant and poorly mobile in soil; amicarbazone is stable and mobile; bicyclopyrone is highly resistant in laboratory experiments and moderately stable in field experiments, its mobility varies in a wide range: from very mobile to less mobile in some soils. The danger for terrestrial biocenoses of all studied pesticides under different soil and climatic conditions is lower by (1–5) orders of magnitude in comparison with DDT; the lowest is the ecotoxicity of bicyclopyrone, the highest – pydiflumetofen. All test substances are highly stable in water. The leading section of their migration in environment is the system "soil – water of ponds" and in case of pydiflumetofen – "soil – plants" as well.

scholarly journals Impact of Land Cover Change Due to Armed Conflicts on Soil Erosion in the Basin of the Northern Al-Kabeer River in Syria Using the RUSLE Model

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3323
Author(s):  
Hussein Almohamad
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Rusle Model ◽  
Soil Erosion Rate

Due to armed conflicts, the sudden changes in land cover are among the most drastic and recurring shocks on an international scale, and thus, have become a major source of threat to soil and water conservation. Throughout this analysis, the impact of land cover change on spatio-temporal variations of soil erosion from 2009/2010 to 2018/2019 was investigated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. The goal was to identify the characteristics and variations of soil erosion under armed conflicts in the basin of the Northern Al-Kabeer river in Syria. The soil erosion rate is 4 t ha−1 year−1 with a standard deviation of 6.4 t ha−1 year−1. In addition, the spatial distribution of erosion classes was estimated. Only about 10.1% of the basin is subject to a tolerable soil erosion rate and 79.9% of the study area experienced erosion at different levels. The soil erosion area of regions with no changes was 10%. The results revealed an increase in soil erosion until 2013/2014 and a decrease during the period from 20013/2014 to 2018/2019. This increase is a result of forest fires under armed conflict, particularly toward the steeper slopes. Coniferous forest as well as transitional woodland and scrub are the dominant land cover types in the upper part of the basin, for which the average post-fire soil loss rates (caused by factor C) were 200% to 800% higher than in the pre-fire situation. In the period from 2013/2014 to 2019/2020, soil erosion was mitigated due to a ceasefire that was agreed upon after 2016, resulting in decreased human pressures on soils in contested areas. By comparing 2009/2010 (before war) with 2018/2019 (at the end of the war stage), it can be concluded that the change in C factors slowed down the deterioration trend of soil erosion and reduced the average soil erosion rate in more than half of the basin by about 10–75%. The area concerned is located in the western part of the basin and is relatively far from the centers of armed conflicts. In contrast, the areas with increased soil erosion by about 60–400% are situated in the northeast and east, with shorter distances to armed conflict centers. These findings can be explained by forest fires, after which the burned forests were turned into agricultural land or refugee camps and road areas. Understanding the complex biophysical and socio-economic interactions of exposure to land loss is a key to guarantee regional environmental protection and to conserve the ecological quality of soil and forest systems.

Electron microscopy analysis of degenerating pancreatic ß cells in transgenic mice expressing the MHC Class I antigen Dd

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
T. A. Stewart ◽  
D. Liggitt ◽  
S. Pitts ◽  
L. Martin ◽  
M. Siegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Type I ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Mhc Molecules ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Class Ii Mhc ◽  
Ifn Γ

Insulin-dependant (Type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a metabolic disorder resulting from the lack of endogenous insulin secretion. The disease is thought to result from the autoimmune mediated destruction of the insulin producing ß cells within the islets of Langerhans. The disease process is probably triggered by environmental agents, e.g. virus or chemical toxins on a background of genetic susceptibility associated with particular alleles within the major histocompatiblity complex (MHC). The relation between IDDM and the MHC locus has been reinforced by the demonstration of both class I and class II MHC proteins on the surface of ß cells from newly diagnosed patients as well as mounting evidence that IDDM has an autoimmune pathogenesis. In 1984, a series of observations were used to advance a hypothesis, in which it was suggested that aberrant expression of class II MHC molecules, perhaps induced by gamma-interferon (IFN γ) could present self antigens and initiate an autoimmune disease. We have tested some aspects of this model and demonstrated that expression of IFN γ by pancreatic ß cells can initiate an inflammatory destruction of both the islets and pancreas and does lead to IDDM.

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