Phytopharmaceutical potential of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.)

Ever since ancient times, medicinal plants served as a great source of herbal formulations which can confer human civilization with preferential quality of life. Among them, some plants secured their position in mythologies, also highlighting Anthocephalus cadamba, a religious medicinal plant, belonging to the family Rubiaceae, mostly cultivated in tropical regions. Conventional medicinal system of India provides evidences regarding folk medicinal uses for the treatment of various ailments like inflammation, skin diseases, uterine complaints, blood disease and diarrhea etc. Phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of some biologically active compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, terpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenes, glycosides, sterols, amides and fatty acids and these compounds were found to be accountable for various pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticancerous, antidibetic, hypolipidemic, antihepatotoxic, antidiarrhoel, diuretic, laxative, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, wound healing etc.

Physical and mechanical properties of impregnated polystyrene jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) glulam

Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) laminas were impregnated with polystyrene and reached 21.2% polymer loading. The laminas were manufactured for three-layer glued laminated timber (glulam) using isocyanate glue with glue spread 280 g/m2 and cold-press process. For comparison purposes, untreated glulam as control and also solid wood were prepared. The physical-mechanical properties were evaluated according to the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) 234-2003. The results showed that the color of glulam was not different from polystyrene glulam. The density of polystyrene glulam was higher than untreated glulam and solid wood, but the moisture content was lower than the other. The product kinds of solid wood, untreated glulam, and polystyrene glulam did not affect shear strength and modulus of rupture (MOR), while the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of untreated glulam and hardness of polystyrene glulam were the highest values and the other products were not different one each other. Both kinds of glulam fulfilled the Japanese standard in terms of moisture content, MOR, and delamination in hot water, but MOE and shear strength did not. Regarding its advantages, polystyrene glulam could be further developed using a higher wood density.

Influence of understorey diversity on wildlife at the coal mining reclamation area in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Nugroho Y, Supandi, Suyanto, Matatula J, Wirabuana PYAP. 2021. Influence of understorey diversity on wildlife at the coal mining reclamation area in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3736-3743. The existence of understorey at the coal mining reclamation area provides an important contribution to improve the environmental quality, especially the wildlife presence. Therefore, this study aims to determine the influence of understorey diversity on the wildlife at the coal mining reclamation area managed by the PT Borneo Indobara, South Kalimantan. This study used an ecological survey conducted in three reclamation areas classified based on the dominant species supporting the process, namely Paraserianthes falcataria (L-1), Anthocephalus cadamba (L-2), and a mixture of both species (L-3). The data were collected in two observation periods, namely August 2019 and August 2020. The results showed that at the first observation, ten families of understorey were observed from the survey and the highest diversity was recorded in L-2 (H'=1.71), followed by L-1 (H'=1.54), and L-3 (H'=1.27). Meanwhile, the wildlife in the first periods was only 6 species consisting of 3 birds, 2 reptiles, and 1 mammal. The number of species from every site was relatively equal at the first observation. In the second observation, the diversity of understorey considerably increased with approximately 22 families from the inventory. The highest understorey diversity in this observation was recorded in L-1 (H'=3.30), L-2 (H'=3.05), and L-3 (H'=3.04). Also, the higher understorey diversity was followed by the higher wildlife with 29 species, which consists of 26 birds, 2 reptiles, and 1 mammal. The highest appearance of bird species was in the L-1 with approximately 19 species, while the number of birds in L-2 and L-3 was relatively similar with approximately 15 species. Based on these results, the understorey diversity significantly contributes to improving the wildlife diversity at the coal mining reclamation area, primarily from the bird species.

PENGARUH PEREBUSAN DAN PEMADATAN TERHADAP SIFAT FISIS DAN ANATOMI KAYU JABON (Anthocephalus cadamba)

Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan mutu kayu berkualitas rendah tersebut adalah dengan cara teknik densifikasi kayu atau pemadatan kayu dengan metode perebusan dan menganalisis pengaruhnya terhadap karakteristik kayu.Perebusan dilakukan selama 60 dan 12 menit dengan menggunakan kayu jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) berukuran (10 x 5 x 2) cm pada papan tangensial, selanjutnya kayu dikempa panas (suhu 1700C) selama 3 menit dengan target pemadatan 50% dari ketebalan awal. Berdasakan hasil pengujian diperoleh nilai recovery of set untuk kontrol 64,93%; perebusan 60 menit 69,99% dan perebusan 120 menit 78,17%. Dan untuk kerapatannya setelah perlakuan: kontrol 0,58 gr/cm3; perebusan 60 menit 0,56 gr/cm3 dan perebusan 120 menit 0,60 gr/cm3.

PENENTUAN DAN APLIKASI FORMULA PEREKAT NABATI DARI EKSTRAK KULIT KAYU MAHONI PADA LAMINASI KAYU JABON (Anthocephalus cadamba)

Kebutuhan perekat kayu berbasis fenolik dalam negeri tetap tinggi sedangkan bahan tersebut sampai saat ini merupakan bahan impor, sehingga diperlukan perekat alternatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari karakteristik tanin mahoni dan formulasi efektif perekat alternatif berbahan baku ekstrak kulit pohon mahoni dengan ekstender tepung tapioka dan terigu industri untuk diaplikasikan pada produk komposit atau produk rekatan. Kulit kayu mahoni dipotong berukuran 2 cm x 1 cm x 0,1 cm, diekstraksi dengan air panas (70–80º C) pada perbandingan 1:3 (b/b, bahan/air) selama 3 jam dengan 2 kali pengulangan. Setelah produk ekstraksi disaring, filtratnya dikopolimerisasi menggunakan resorsinol dan formaldehida pada kondisi basa dan suhu kamar untuk menghasilkan resin tanin resorsinol formaldehida (TRF). Campuran tepung tapioka dan terigu industri (1:1 b/b) sebagai ekstender digunakan dalam aplikasi TRF pada pembuatan produk komposit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak cair kulit pohon mahoni ini dapat dikopolimerisasi membentuk resin yang dapat diaplikasikan sebagai perekat kayu dengan proses kempa dingin. Formula optimum perekat yang diperoleh adalah menggunakan campuran 0,25 mol resorsinol dan formaldehida 1 mol, dengan ekstender 15%, serta katalis (NaOH 40%) sebanyak 4% dari total bobot formula perekat. Karakteristik perekat tanin mahoni menyerupai perekat golongan fenolik tipe eksterior.

Arthroschista Hilaralis: The Biology and Emerging Threat to Kadam (Anthocephalus Cadamba) Sapling in Sylhet, Bangladesh

In Sylhet, nursery owner facing a lepidopteran pest problem namely Arthroschista hilaralis on kadam saplings. Therefore, our research was articulated to find out the insect biology and damage severity of A. hilaralis on kadam saplings. Larvae of A. hilaralis folding the kadam leaves and make it entirely skeletonize. Whitish round shaped eggs were laid in cluster at both upper and lower surface of kadam leaves. Eggs were hatched after 6.4±0.2 days and the larval stage remained 12.8±0.3 days which was the main dangerous stage for kadam saplings. The full-grown caterpillars were around 21.5 mm to 25.0 mm in length. Pupal stage required around 6.4±0.6 days to became an adult moth. These insects damaged tender branches and young leaves of kadam saplings in June to October, 2018. Bangladesh J. Zool. 49(1): 83-90, 2021

EARLY GROWTH OF JABON (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq) IN A DRAINED PEATLAND OF PELALAWAN, RIAU

The desirability to explore other tree species that can be used to substitute Acacia crassicarpa in forest plantation has increased. One of the early insights that must be known is the growth performances of tree species candidates, especially in planting conditions (site and silviculture) similar to A. crassicarpa plantation. This study evaluated the growth performance of jabon (A. cadamba Miq.) and its relationship with soil properties in a drained peatland. The research was conducted by establishing experimental plots of jabon in a drained peatland (DP) using a randomised complete block design with three spacing (2 m x 3 m, 2.5 m x 3 m, 3 m x 3 m) as treatment and three blocks as replications. The study observed survival, growth and soil chemical properties. At 24 months after planting (MaP), since the toxicity of soil micronutrients was excessive as one of the main factors; the mortality rate of jabon was high (62%), while its growth was poor (height = 259 cm and DBH = 3.74 cm) in drained peatland. However, the study observed that 7% of jabon had good growth, with a range of height growth at 24 MaP of 401–660 cm. These results indicated that though overall jabon did not show good growth in DP, however, it was found that 7% of jabon had promising growth; therefore, it was suggested that through tree improvement program and certain treatments to overcome micronutrient toxicity and weed suppression, the possibility of jabon was able to be developed in a DP for forest plantation is still.

Biologi Moduza procris Cramer pada Jabon Putih (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji aspek biologi hama Moduza procris sehingga dapat dijadikan acuan penerapan pengendalian hama yang tepat. Ada dua tahap penelitian yang dilakukan, yaitu pemeliharaan inang jabon putih (Anthocephalus cadamba). Tahapan kedua adalah pemeliharaan dan pengamatan serangga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa M. procris termasuk serangga yang melakukan metamorfosis lengkap (holometabola), yang dimulai dari fase telur, larva, pupa dan imago. Fase larva terjadi dalam 5 instar yang ditandai dengan proses ganti kulit pada tiap instarnya. Stadia larva berlangsung selama 16 hari, stadia pupa selama 8,10 hari sedangkan imago betina selama 15,25 hari dan imago jantan 14,50 hari. Telur berukuran 1,32 mm, sedangkan ukuran larva dari instar 1 sampai 5 secara berturut-turut yaitu 7,80, 10,70, 16,30, 24,70 dan 38,80 mm. Lebar kepala larva secara berurutan yaitu 0,94, 1,94, 2,93, 3,93, dan 4,92 mm. Lebar pupa betina yakni 10,25 mm dengan panjang tubuh 30 mm, sedangkan jantan mempunyai lebar 8,50 mm dengan panjang tubuh 28 mm. Rentang sayap imago betina yakni 67,63 mm dan panjang tubuh 20,88 mm. Sedangkan jantan memiliki rentang sayap 55,50 mm dengan panjang tubuh 16 mm.