scholarly journals Short Communication: Analysis of the chromosome numbers of Zinnia elegans Jacq. in single, double, and pom-pom flowers

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saifudin SAIFUDIN ◽  
Syalwa Shafira ◽  
Astari Dwiranti ◽  
Andi Salamah
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Chromosome Length ◽  
Zinnia Elegans ◽  
Communication Analysis ◽  
Double Flower ◽  
Number Variation ◽  
Chromosome Number Variation ◽  
Flower Type ◽  
Single Flower

Abstract. Saifudin, Shafira S, Dwiranti A, Salamah A. 2021. Short Communication: Analysis of the chromosome numbers of Zinnia elegans Jacq. in single, double, and pom-pom flowers. Biodiversitas 22: 2771-2777. Zinnia elegans Jacq. is highly valued as an ornamental plant with a variety of flower colors, sizes, and shapes. Polyploidization has been reported in Z. elegans with pom-pom flowers, nevertheless, the variation in chromosome numbers of various flower shapes has yet to be investigated. This study aimed to analyze the chromosome numbers of Z. elegans Jacq. cultivar “California Giant,” “Lilliput,” and “Cactus Flowered Mix” with single, double, and pom-pom flowers to determine their variations and identify the morphology of the flowers. Chromosomes were prepared using the squashing method, and images were analyzed using the Chromosome Image Analyzing System (CHIAS) IV. The minimum of 5 slides was prepared for each flower type from each cultivar. The results show that the three cultivars are diploid plants (2n = 24) with varying flower morphology. The single and double flowers of Z. elegans “Lilliput” and the single flower of “Cactus Flowered Mix” showed no variation in chromosome numbers. In contrast, chromosome number variation was found in the pom-pom flower of Z. elegans “California Giant” (2n = 22, 24, 48) and the double flower of “Cactus Flowered Mix” (2n = 9, 13, 15, 24). Two cultivars, Z. elegans “California Giant” and Z. elegans “Cactus Flowered Mix,” were successfully analyzed using CHIAS IV. Statistical analysis using a t-test (? = 0.05) showed that the total chromosome length of Z. elegans “California Giant” (2n = 24) was significantly greater than that of Z. elegans “Cactus Flowered Mix” (2n = 24). Chromosome satellites were found in both cultivars.

scholarly journals Karyotype evolution and flexible (conventional versus inverted) meiosis in insects with holocentric chromosomes: a case study based on Polyommatus butterflies

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir A Lukhtanov ◽  
Alexander V Dantchenko ◽  
Fayzali R Khakimov ◽  
Damir Sharafutdinov ◽  
Elena A Pazhenkova
Keyword(s):  
Brownian Motion ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Chromosome Length ◽  
Holocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Motion Model ◽  
Kinetic Activity ◽  
Number Variation ◽  
Brownian Motion Model ◽  
Gradual Accumulation

Abstract The Polyommatus butterflies have holocentric chromosomes, which are characterized by kinetic activity distributed along the entire chromosome length, and the highest range of haploid chromosome numbers (n) known within a single eukaryotic genus (from n = 10 to n = 226). Previous analyses have shown that these numbers most likely evolved gradually from an ancestral karyotype, in accordance with the Brownian motion model of chromosome change accumulation. Here we studied chromosome sets within a monophyletic group of previously non-karyotyped Polyommatus species. We demonstrate that these species have a limited interspecific chromosome number variation from n = 16 to n = 25, which is consistent with the Brownian motion model prediction. We also found intra- and interpopulation variation in the chromosome numbers. These findings support the model of karyotype evolution through the gradual accumulation of neutral or weakly underdominant rearrangements that can persist in the heterozygous state within a population. For Polyommatus poseidonides we report the phenomenon of flexible meiosis in which the chromosome multivalents are able to undergo either conventional or inverted meiosis within the same individual. We hypothesise that the ability to invert the order of the meiotic events may be adaptive and can facilitate proper chromosome segregation in chromosomal heterozygotes, thus promoting rapid karyotype evolution.

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SPORTING PROCESS IN GREENHOUSE CHRYSANTHEMUMS

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Sampson ◽  
G. W. R. Walker ◽  
A. W. S. Hunter ◽  
Marie Bragdø
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Flower Colour ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Hot Water Treatment ◽  
Colour Mutation ◽  
Number Variation ◽  
Chromosome Number Variation

The chromosome numbers of 56 varieties of greenhouse chrysanthemums were determined. Fifty-one varieties belonged to 10 'families' of sports and the chromosome numbers of the sports were compared with those of their vegetative parents. Sporting, mostly flower colour mutation, was accompanied by the gain or loss of a few chromosomes in about 30 per cent of the cases. Two plants with different chromosome numbers but with the true varietal flower colour were found.The most frequent chromosome number in the authors' material was 2n = 57. The range was 2n = 45–64. Mitotic irregularities and chromosome number variation within individuals were observed. Attempts to induce sporting by hot water treatment failed.Varieties with large inflorescences had higher chromosome numbers (2n = 58–64) than varieties with medium or small inflorescences (2n = 54–58), but in most of the material varieties with small inflorescences differed little in chromosome number from those with medium-sized inflorescences. Five additional varieties with very small inflorescences had lower chromosome numbers (2n = 45–55).

scholarly journals Cytogenetics and cytotaxonomy of some Brazilian species of Cymbidioid orchids

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Pessoa Félix ◽  
Marcelo Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Chromosome Variation ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Northeast Region ◽  
Number Variation ◽  
Karyological Evolution ◽  
Chromosome Number Variation ◽  
Primary Base

The Cymbidioid phylad presents the widest chromosome number variation among orchids, with records varying from 2n = 10 in Psygmorchis pusilla to 2n = 168 in two species of Oncidium. In the present work, a total of 44 species were studied belonging to 20 Cymbidioid genera, as a contribution to clarifying the karyological evolution of the group. All the plants investigated were collected in Brazil, mainly in the northeast region. The chromosome variation found was similar to that previously registered in the literature. Chromosome numbers observed were: 2n = 54 (subtribe Eulophiinae), 2n = 44, 46, 92 (subtribe Cyrtopodiinae), 2n = 54, ca. 108 (subtribe Catasetinae), 2n = 52, ca. 96 (subtribe Zygopetalinae), 2n = 40, 80 (subtribe Lycastinae), 2n = 40, 42 (subtribe Maxillariinae), 2n = 40 (subtribe Stanhopeinae), 2n = 56 (subtribe Ornithocephalinae), and 2n = 12, 20, 30, 36, 42, 44, 56, 112, ca. 168 (subtribe Oncidiinae). Interphase nuclei varied widely from simple chromocenter to complex chromocenter types, with no apparent cytotaxonomic value. In the genera Catasetum and Oncidium, the terrestrial and lithophytic species presented higher ploidy levels than the epiphytic species, suggesting a higher adaptability of the polyploids to those habitats. The primary base number x = 7 seems to be associated to the haploid chromosome numbers of most Cymbidioid groups, although n = 7 was observed only in two extant genera of Oncidiinae. For each tribe, subtribe and genus the probable base numbers were discussed along with the possible relationships to the primary base number x1 = 7 admitted for the whole phylad.

Chromosome Number Variation in the Myrtaceae and Its Taxonomic Implications

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 547 ◽  
Author(s):  
BL Rye
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
The Family ◽  
Number Variation ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Chromosome Number Variation ◽  
Australian Flora ◽  
Base Chromosome Number ◽  
Western Australian

New chromosome number determinations are reported for some 150 Western Australian species of the Myrtaceae. These include the lowest number (n = 5) so far recorded in the family and several newly recorded descending dysploid series. Dysploid chromosome numbers are far less common than the base chromosome number of n = 11 but parallel dysploid series have occurred in many groups and some have played a role in the origin of genera. Polyploidy has been successful at the intraspecific and interspecific levels but is of limited evolutionary potential. The cytoevolutionary trends in the Myrtaceae are examined in relation to taxonomic problems within the family and in relation to cytoevolution in the woody Australian flora as a whole. Smith- White's suggestion that a more natural generic classification in the Chamelauciinae could be obtained by grouping species with the same base chromosome numbers is found to be untenable.

scholarly journals Development of a Range of Polyploid Lines in Petunia hybrida and the Relationship of Ploidy with the Single-/Double-flower Trait

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Gui Ning ◽  
Xue-Ping Shi ◽  
Hui-Rong Hu ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
Man-Zhu Bao
Keyword(s):  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Double Flower ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
F1 Progeny ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Flower Type ◽  
Single Flower

A set of Petunia hybrida plants encompassing a range of ploidy levels was developed through colchicine-mediated induction of chromosome doubling. The resulting double-flower tetraploid plants were cross-hybridized with inbred single-flower diploid lines to generate F1 populations with segregation for ploidy level and flower type. The initial in vivo application of colchicine to seedling apical tips produced mixoploid plants of petunia at a high rate of efficiency. Thus, 95% of the shoot tips treated with colchicine for 48 h resulted in polyploid mutant plants, and no difference in this efficiency was observed using concentrations of colchicine between 0.2 and 2.0 mg·mL−1. Of the polyploid plants, 10% were found to be tetraploid and 85% were mixoploid (chimeric). Compared with their diploid counterparts, polyploid plants underwent reduced elongation growth during the first 2 weeks and had thicker stems and shorter internodes resulting in dwarfing of the whole plant. In extreme cases, very slow growth rates produced stunted plantlets. Polyploid plants also had larger, thicker leaves and, in some cases, the leaves that developed after 1 month of growth appeared seriously malformed. Octoploid plants were also obtained and these tended to have more extreme phenotypes. Pure tetraploid plants of double-flower petunia were isolated by the in vitro culture of explants from the initial chimeric tetraploid mutants. These were crossed with three inbred single-flower diploid lines (S1, S2, and S3) thereby generating F1 populations that showed segregation for flower type and ploidy level and included the generation of triploid plants. In the tetraploid plants, flower diameter and the number of flower petals were not changed significantly (P > 0.05) compared with the original diploid double-flower plants, but observation of the pollen grains revealed segregation for size consistent with the increased ploidy level. Analysis of the F1 progeny plants also indicated that chromosome number is not necessary but sufficient to cause the production of semidouble-flowered plants. Flower color and flower diameter were also analyzed in the F1 progeny and complex patterns of inheritance were inferred. In addition to single and double flowers, semidouble-flowered plants were also suggested to be generated by the hybridization of 2n or 3n pollen from the double-flower tetraploid plants with the single-flower diploid lines.

scholarly journals Variation of Chromosome Numbers in Easter Lily Regenerated from Ovary Tissues

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 871E-871
Author(s):  
Jodie L. Ramsay ◽  
Donald S. Galitz ◽  
Chiwon W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Shoot Initiation ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Number Variation ◽  
Chromosome Number Variation ◽  
Range Of Variation

Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum L.) cultivars Ace and Nellie White were regenerated through the culture of immature ovary tissues. Shoot initiation and proliferation were most efficient when a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 5% sucrose, 1 mg 2,4-D/liter, and 2 mg benzylamino purine (BAP)/liter was used. The shoots, when divided and subcultured on the same medium, formed roots within 4 weeks. The rooted plants were transferred to soil in a greenhouse. Root-tip smears made from the regenerated plants showed a range of variation in chromosome numbers from 10 to 25 per cell, in contrast to the bulb-grown plants, which had 2x = 24 chromosomes per cell. The mixoploid condition existed in many regenerants exhibiting chromosome number variation in different root cells of the same plant.

scholarly journals Short communication: Analysis of health and survival in a population of Ontario Holstein heifer calves

2013 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 1880-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. McCorquodale ◽  
A. Sewalem ◽  
F. Miglior ◽  
D. Kelton ◽  
A. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Communication Analysis

scholarly journals Karyotype analysis and chromosome number for two Cirsium taxa (Asteraceae) in Iran

Turczaninowia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Zohreh Babaee ◽  
Maryam Norouzi ◽  
Samaneh Mosaferi ◽  
Maryam Keshavarzi
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Mitotic Chromosome ◽  
Karyotype Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Length ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Type ◽  
Population Total ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Class B ◽  
Karyotype Analyses

Cirsium Mill. contains more than 250 species in the world mainly distributed in the Northern hemisphere. Different chromosome numbers with different ploidy levels were reported in this genus. In this study, karyotype details and chromosome numbers were established for two Cirsium taxa in Iran. C. ciliatum subsp. szovitsii and C. echinus had the mitotic chromosome numbers of 2n = 2x = 34. Karyotype analyses showed that chromosomes were generally metacentric and sub-metacentric. In C. echinus, Lowshan population had the longest chromosome (19.10 µm) and Heyran Canyon population (4.73 µm) the shortest one while in C. ciliatum, the longest chromosome was observed in Urmia to Salmas population (14.67 µm) and the shortest one (4.71 µm) in Doshanlu population. Total haploid chromosome length ranged from 275.29 to 376.42 µm in populations studied. Both taxa were grouped in 2B class. B-chromosomes were recorded for two taxa studied too. Chromosome type, mitotic chromosome numbers and occurrence of B-chromosomes were in agreement with previous results (Albers, Pröbsting, 1998; Lövkvist, Hultgård, 1999; Yüksel et al., 2013; Yildiz et al., 2016).

scholarly journals Polianthes tuberose Breeding in Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 587
Author(s):  
Donald Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Double Flower ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Local Cultivars ◽  
Long Time ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Flower Type

Tuberose (Polianthus tuberosa) is an important ornamental plant in Indonesia that has been cultivated by farmers for a long time mainly in Java and North Sumatra provinces. However, the availability of new superior varieties is only a few so that the consumers only have a limited choice. Until now, there are three types of tuberose in Indonesia, which is distinguished by the type of flower namely single, semi-double and double flower. Some breeding efforts to obtain new varieties have been done through crossbreeding, mutation induction and selection to local cultivars. But the success on the crossbreeding of tuberose was only about 0.05%, as it can only be done in the direction of the single flower with double flowers. Because in the double flowers pistils are not found, the variability is very low. Nevertheless from these crossbreeding obtained 29 genotypes that showed differences in several characters, especially in the arrangements of flowers; and flower stalks straightness and rigidness. The other study indicates that each genotype has a different resistance levels against leaf spot disease (Xanthomonas sP.). Meanwhile, breeding of tuberose through mutation induction technique has not been widely studied. Application of gamma ray irradiation on tubers caused morphological damaged on Polyanthes, reduced bulb growth less than 30% and reduced the plant height more 400% than no treated plants (control). Polyploidy induced mutations by using colchicine led to changes in the length and diameter of the flowers and harvesting time. Until now, there is no result of the crossbreeding and mutation techniques that released as a new variety. Despite this, based on the positive selection breeding on local cultivars, there have been two superior genotypes released as new varieties namely Dian Arum (double flower type; origin of Cianjur, West Java) and Roro (semi double flower type; origin of Pasuruan, East Java).  Keywords: Polianthes tuberosa ; breeding; local cultivars, new varieties,Dian Arum, Roro Anteng

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