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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jahangeer Khan ◽  
Ihsan Ullah ◽  
Jianyu Yuan

Due to rapid increase in population, total electricity demands have been quickly rising. Under this circumstance, renewable energy technologies such as photovoltaic (PV) materials need to be urgently developed. Among...


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Safia S. I. Blbas ◽  
Hiwa A. Ahmad ◽  
Dawan J. Hawezy ◽  
Hemn Shawgery ◽  
Hersh N. Bahadin

Coronavirus is a pandemic disease. In most cases, the exact infection rate cannot be determined as not everybody can be tested for the virus, even though some of them carry the virus silently. Therefore, detection of antibodies of this virus is more practical to give us a better clue about the rate of infection because the asymptomatic people can be tested too. The serological detection of anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) antibodies among asymptomatic and moderate symptomatic individuals gives us the vital point to understanding the prevalence rate of COVID-19 among the population. Total of (436) volunteers were participated, (96) from teaching staff, (172) employee, and (168) students. Anti-SARS-COV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) were detected in the serum by ELISA technique, and complete blood count was performed for all participants. The number of seropositive of anti-SARS-COV-2/IgG was (159), whereas IgM was (66). The highest prevalence rate of IgG detected among participants with family member infected with coronavirus (42.7%). Total WBCs count significantly increased among IgM positive participants. Many asymptomatic people were infected with coronavirus, which lead to more spreading of the virus among the population. Therefore, mass screening of the population for specific antibody against coronavirus is important to reduce the infection rate.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S792-S792
Author(s):  
Madison T Preib ◽  
Fanny S Mitrani-Gold ◽  
Xiaoxi Sun ◽  
Christopher Adams ◽  
Ashish V Joshi

Abstract Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common outpatient infection requiring medical care in the US; but, despite Infectious Diseases Society of America 2011 guidelines for treating uncomplicated UTI (uUTI), variation in prescribing practices still exists. Few studies have used real-world data (RWD) to evaluate uUTI-associated healthcare resource use (HRU) and costs. We examined HRU and direct costs associated with appropriate and optimal (AP&OP) and inappropriate or suboptimal (IA/SO) antibiotic (AB) prescribing in females with uUTI using US RWD. Methods This retrospective cohort study used RWD from IBM MarketScan (commercial/Medicare claims) to examine uUTI-related HRU and costs (inpatient, emergency room, outpatient, pharmacy) per index uUTI episode and during 1-year follow-up among females (age ≥ 12 years) diagnosed with uUTI from July 1, 2013–December 31, 2017 (index date). Patients had an oral AB prescription ± 5 days of the index date, and continuous health plan enrollment ≥ 6 months pre/1 year post-index date; those with complicated UTI were excluded. Patients were stratified by AB prescription as follows: AP&OP = guideline-compliant and correct duration; IA/SO = guideline non-compliant/incorrect duration or re-prescription/switch within 28 days. Results The study included 557,669 patients. In the commercial population (n=517,664, mean age 37.7 years), fewer patients were prescribed AP&OP (11.8%) than IA/SO (88.2%) ABs, a trend also seen in the Medicare population (n=40,005, mean age 74.5 years). In both populations, adjusted average numbers of uUTI-related ambulatory visits and pharmacy claims were lower for the AP&OP cohort than the IA/SO cohort during index episode and 1-year followup (p < 0.0001, Table 1). In the commercial population, total adjusted uUTI-related costs were &194 (AP&OP) versus &274 (IA/SO; p < 0.0001); in the Medicare population, total adjusted uUTI-related costs were &253 (AP&OP) versus &355 (IA/SO; p < 0.0001) (Table 2). Table 1. uUTI-related HRU for commercial and Medicare populations calculated using the GLM model Table 2. uUTI-related costs for commercial and Medicare populations calculated using the GLM model Conclusion Overall uUTI-related HRU and costs in the US were low during index episodes and follow-up. However, females with uUTI prescribed IA/SO ABs were more likely to incur higher HRU and costs than those prescribed AP&OP ABs, suggesting an unmet need for training to optimize uUTI prescribing per US guidelines. Disclosures Madison T. Preib, MPH, STATinMED Research (Employee, Former employee of STATinMED Research, which received funding from GlaxoSmithKline plc. to conduct this study) Fanny S. Mitrani-Gold, MPH, GlaxoSmithKline plc. (Employee, Shareholder) Xiaoxi Sun, MA, STATinMED Research (Employee, Employee of STATinMED Research, which received funding from GlaxoSmithKline plc. to conduct this study) Christopher Adams, MPH, STATinMED Research (Employee, Employee of STATinMED Research, which received funding from GlaxoSmithKline plc. to conduct this study) Ashish V. Joshi, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline plc. (Employee, Shareholder)


2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 1163-1170
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Ryazantsev ◽  
Tamara K. Rostovskaya ◽  
Olga A. Zolotareva

Introduction. The urgent issue of the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, which negatively affected the demographic development of the world’s countries, is the search for new effective mechanisms for the development of demographic potential, which is not possible without appropriate justification monitoring data. The aim of the study is to analyze trends in demographic processes and assess the reproductive behavior of the population of Russia and Iran, as well as develop recommendations in the field of monitoring demographic processes, taking into account the need to study their changes as a result of the spread of COVID-19, which seems significant for determining effective directions and measures of demographic policy in terms of increasing the birth rate in Russia and Iran in the post-pandemic period. Materials and methods. The article is based on the data of the official national statistics of the countries (the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and the Statistical Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran), the international database of the UN Population Division, and sociological information. The general research period is determined by the boundaries from 2000 to 2019. To assess the determination of reproductive behaviour in Russia and Iran, general statistical methods of data analysis were used (for example, indicators of structure, dynamics, implementation of the plan), unique methods of demographic statistics (construction of age and sex pyramids of the population, total fertility rate, and others), methods of sociological research (results are presented as All-Russian sociological research “Demographic well-being of Russians”, conducted with the participation of the authors in 2019-2020 on the territory of 10 constituent entities of Russia). Results. An assessment of fertility trends in Russia and Iran is given, general and specific traits of the character and mechanisms of reproductive behaviour are identified. The substantiation of the improvement of directions and measures of demographic policy is given, taking into account the assessment of its effectiveness. In Russia, it was aimed at increasing the birth rate. In Iran, on the contrary, at decreasing it. In both countries, the policy was very effective - in Russia in 2007-2016. the birth rate for second and subsequent births increased significantly in Iran in the late 1980s-1990s. The decline in fertility was one of the largest in the world. If in Iran the birth rate is now close to the level of simple reproduction of the population (in 2017, the total fertility rate was 2.12), then in Russia, especially after the decline since 2017. In this case, it is far from this level. Conclusion. The article substantiates the need to improve scientific monitoring of the demographic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhan ◽  
Yufang Zhu ◽  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
Shijun Jia ◽  
Yunling Gao ◽  
...  

AbstractThe long-term immunity and functional recovery after SARS-CoV-2 infection have implications in preventive measures and patient quality of life. Here we analyzed a prospective cohort of 121 recovered COVID-19 patients from Xiangyang, China at 1-year after diagnosis. Among them, chemiluminescence immunoassay-based screening showed 99% (95% CI, 98–100%) seroprevalence 10–12 months after infection, comparing to 0.8% (95% CI, 0.7–0.9%) in the general population. Total anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies remained stable since discharge, while anti-RBD IgG and neutralization levels decreased over time. A predictive model estimates 17% (95% CI, 11–24%) and 87% (95% CI, 80–92%) participants were still 50% protected against detectable and severe re-infection of WT SARS-CoV-2, respectively, while neutralization levels against B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were significantly reduced. All non-severe patients showed normal chest CT and 21% reported COVID-19-related symptoms. In contrast, 53% severe patients had abnormal chest CT, decreased pulmonary function or cardiac involvement and 79% were still symptomatic. Our findings suggest long-lasting immune protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection, while also highlight the risk of immune evasive variants and long-term consequences for COVID-19 survivors.


2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Tran Huu Dinh ◽  
Dinh Thanh Thao ◽  
Luong Thi Lan Anh ◽  
Bui Minh Duc ◽  
Nguyen Thuy Duong

Reproductive impairment in men is a multifactorial disease and is currently considered a global health issue. Previous studies have investigated the correlation between genetic variants and male infertility in different populations. However, such studies have appeared in limited amounts in the Vietnamese population. This study aimed to assess the association of polymorphisms FSIP2 rs4666689 and PON2 rs7493 with male infertile susceptibility in the Vietnamese population. Total DNAs were isolated from 376 samples, including 175 males with infertility and 201 controls having at least one child. For FSIP2 rs4666689, all 376 samples were applied for genotyping using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). For PON2 rs7493, only 178 samples (80 infertile patients and 98 controls) were used to assess genotype frequencies. By using statistical methods, we showed that the distribution of their genotypes was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p-values > 0.05). However, no association between both polymorphisms (FSIP2 rs4666689 and PON2 rs7493) and male infertility in the Vietnamese population was detected (p-values > 0.05). This study would help enrich to the knowledge about the effects of hereditary factors on male infertility in the Vietnamese population.


Thorax ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. thoraxjnl-2020-216265
Author(s):  
Ruth H Keogh ◽  
Rebecca Cosgriff ◽  
Eleni-Rosalina Andrinopoulou ◽  
Keith G Brownlee ◽  
Siobhán B Carr ◽  
...  

BackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-threatening genetic disease, affecting around 10 500 people in the UK. Precision medicines have been developed to treat specific CF-gene mutations. The newest, elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ELEX/TEZ/IVA), has been found to be highly effective in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and became available to a large proportion of UK CF patients in 2020. Understanding the potential health economic impacts of ELEX/TEZ/IVA is vital to planning service provision.MethodsWe combined observational UK CF Registry data with RCT results to project the impact of ELEX/TEZ/IVA on total days of intravenous (IV) antibiotic treatment at a population level. Registry data from 2015 to 2017 were used to develop prediction models for IV days over a 1-year period using several predictors, and to estimate 1-year population total IV days based on standards of care pre-ELEX/TEZ/IVA. We considered two approaches to imposing the impact of ELEX/TEZ/IVA on projected outcomes using effect estimates from RCTs: approach 1 based on effect estimates on FEV1% and approach 2 based on effect estimates on exacerbation rate.ResultsELEX/TEZ/IVA is expected to result in significant reductions in population-level requirements for IV antibiotics of 16.1% (~17 800 days) using approach 1 and 43.6% (~39 500 days) using approach 2. The two approaches require different assumptions. Increased understanding of the mechanisms through which ELEX/TEZ/IVA acts on these outcomes would enable further refinements to our projections.ConclusionsThis work contributes to increased understanding of the changing healthcare needs of people with CF and illustrates how Registry data can be used in combination with RCT evidence to estimate population-level treatment impacts.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-706
Author(s):  
V. M. Sorokin ◽  
A. V. Svarval ◽  
A. S. Vodop'janov ◽  
R. V. Pisanov

The aim of the study was to identify INDEL markers and study geographical origin of regional H. pylori strains circulating in the European part of the Russian Federation. The study included 56 strains of H. pylori isolated in three regions of the Russian Federation: Saint Petersburg, Astrakhan and Rostov Regions. Genomic DNA was isolated using a set of Probe NA (DNA Technology, Russia), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Detection of INDEL markers hp5605, hp6405, hp340, hp1390, hp3660 was performed using PCR. Clustering of the identified INDEL genotypes and building a phylogenetic tree were performed using the BioNumerics 7.6 and GrapeTree software packages. 21 strains from the GenBank database with known geographical origin were used as reference strains. In 20 strains from Saint Petersburg, 13 individual genotypes were identified, while 17 strains belong to the European cluster (hpEurope), 2 strains belong to the hspEAsia cluster and one strain belongs to the hspWAfrica cluster. The most common genotype identified in the European cluster includes six strains from Saint Petersburg and two strains from the GenBank database. For further differentiation of these strains, the VNTR typing method was used, which allowed identifying eight individual genotypes in eight strains. Fifty-six studied russian strains are represented by thirty individual genotypes, which reflects the high heterogeneity of strains circulating in the European part of the Russian Federation. The most frequent genotype is represented by two hpEurope strains, one strain from the Astrakhan region, as well as 5 and 6 strains from the Rostov Region and Saint Petersburg, respectively. The vast majority of Russian strains (52/56) belong to the hpEurope population, while two strains from Saint Petersburg are included in the hspEAsia population, and one strain from Saint Petersburg and the Astrakhan Region is included in the hspWAfrica population. Total, 77 H. pylori strains are represented by 37 individual genotypes with a high diversity index (DI = 0.95), which allows us to consider the proposed INDEL typing method as an independent method for genotyping H. pylori strains. Taking into consideration the complexity of the problem of accurately determining the geographical origin of H. pylori strains, the proposed simple and convenient method of INDEL typing of H. pylori strains, based on an available PCR method becomes very relevant and allows us to conduct an adequate primary analysis of the geographical origin of Russian H. pylori strains.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Fitri Sari Saragih ◽  
Putra Apriadi Siregar

<p><em>Ovitrap is one of the effective methods in controlling Aedes aegepty sp. Ovitrape is expected to be used by the community to reduce the incidence of dengue fever. The training using video media and leaflets is one way to increase the knowledge and skills of the community in making ovitrap. The purpose of this study was to determine the training in making ovitrap as an effort to reduce dengue hemorrhagic fever. </em><em>This type of research is quasi-experimental research using a pretest-posttest design. The location in this study was conducted in Nagori Pematang Simalungun, Simalungun Regency. The sample of this research is the entire population (total sampling), namely all cadres who are still active as many as 40 people who are divided into two groups. This study will compare the knowledge and skills in making ovitrape in the film and leaflet media group. </em><em>This study indicates that leaflet and film media can increase bad knowledge into good knowledge in making ovitrape. Leaflet and film media can improve skills in making ovitrape.Cadres have characteristics with the majority of the age 30-39 years old, complete junior high school education and work as housewives. </em><em>Training using leaflets and video media can increase knowledge in making ovitrape. Leaflet and film media can improve skills in making ovitrape.</em></p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Suzuki ◽  
Yoshitaka Nishikawa ◽  
Hiroshi Okada ◽  
Takeo Nakayama

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an infodemic, and the need for rapid and accurate information seeking and providing has become an urgent issue. Community pharmacies play an important role in supporting the health of residents as “Communicators”. In the early stages of the pandemic in Japan, there was a lack of information in pharmacies about infection control written in Japanese. Therefore, the Pharmacy Informatics Group (Kyoto, Japan) published a Japanese-language web page to disseminate this information. Nevertheless, the information-seeking behavior of Japanese pharmacists during disasters such as COVID-19 has not been fully evaluated. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the information-seeking behavior of community pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic, with relation to COVID-19 infections and deaths within their local prefecture. METHODS An ecological study comparing the number of accesses to the web page established by the Pharmacy Informatics Group and the number of infections and deaths in 47 prefectures was conducted. Total number of accesses (TA), total number of infections (TI) per 100,000 population, total number of deaths (TD) per 100,000 population, and number of pharmacists per 100,000 population for the 47 prefectures during the target period (April 6 to September 30, 2020) were calculated using the access information on the web page and public information. RESULTS In Japan, during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, TA was 226,130 (10,984–138,898), TI was 78,761 (1,738–31,857), and TD was 1,470 (39–436). The correlation between TA and TI per 100,000 population in 47 prefectures was r=.72 (95% CI: .55–.83, P<.001), and between TA and TD per 100,000 population in 47 prefectures was r=.44 (95% CI: .17–.65, P=.002). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that information-seeking behavior of community pharmacists was positively correlated with infection status within the community.


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