Social origins, tracking and occupational attainment in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Barone ◽  
Moris Triventi ◽  
Marta Facchini
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Occupational Attainment ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Occupational Outcomes ◽  
Upper Secondary Education ◽  
Academic Track

Students and parents choose among high school tracks based on the assumption that academic tracks will offer a better preparation for university while vocational tracks will make the transition in the labour market easier, if students do not have a tertiary degree. We assess whether this assumption holds also when considering the long-term occupational outcomes of tracks choices in upper secondary education, controlling for both social and ability selection into tracks. We use for this purpose recent data from the 2014 ISFOL PLUS survey and apply linear regression/probability models to investigate labour market outcomes in a stage of occupational maturity. We find that, while there are no significant differences between tracks in the likelihood of being employed, students with an academic diploma fare better than vocational students in terms of social class attainment, even in the absence of a tertiary degree. The advantage of the academic diploma holds both for entering the salariat class and the high salariat class, and for avoiding demotion into manual occupations or unskilled manual occupations. We also show that tracking accounts for a large proportion of the total effects of socio-economic background on occupational attainment, and that coming from socio-economically advantaged families exacerbates the labour market advantages of attending an academic track.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>The link between social background, high school track and long-term occupational outcomes is analysed.</li><br /><li>Analyses control for social and ability selection into tracks.</li><br /><li>There are no significant differences between tracks in employment status at occupational maturity in Italy.</li><br /><li>Academic diploma holders have higher chances of entering the upper classes and lower risks of ending into manual occupations.</li></ul>

University dropouts vs high school graduates in the school-to-work transition

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Ghignoni ◽  
Giuseppe Croce ◽  
Alessandro d’Ambrosio
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
High School Graduates ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Dropping Out ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
School To Work Transition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Work Transition ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider the enrolment at university and the subsequent possible dropout as a piece of the school-to-work transition and ask whether it improves or worsens the labour market outcomes a few years after graduation from the high school. Design/methodology/approach The analysis exploits data from the upper secondary graduate survey by ISTAT on a cohort of high school graduates and investigates the effect of dropping out four years after graduation. The labour market outcomes of university dropouts are compared to the outcomes of high school graduates who never enrolled at university. A propensity score matching approach is applied. The model is also estimated on the subsamples of males and females. Findings The findings show that spending a period at university and leaving it before completion makes the transition to work substantially more difficult. Both the probability of being NEET and getting a bad job increase in the case of dropout, while no relevant effect is found on earnings. Moreover, the impact of university dropout tends to be more harmful the longer the spell from enrolment to dropping out. Separate estimates by gender point out that females appear to be relatively more affected in the case of dropping out without a fallback plan. Originality/value While the existing studies in the literature on the school-to-work transition mostly focus on the determinants of the dropout, this paper investigates whether and how the employment outcomes are affected by dropping out in Italy. Moreover, university dropouts are compared to high school graduates with no university experience, rather than to university graduates. Finally, evidence on the mechanisms driving the effect of dropping out is provided, by considering timing and motivations for dropping out.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Consequences of Free School Choice*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Lavy
Keyword(s):  
School Choice ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Teachers Colleges ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Free School ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Abstract I study the long-term consequences of an effective free school choice program that targeted disadvantaged students in Israel two decades ago. I show that the program led to significant gains in post-secondary education through increased enrollment in academic and teachers’ colleges without any increase in enrollment in research universities. Free school choice also increased earnings at the adulthood of treated students. Male students had much larger improvements in college schooling and labour market outcomes. Female students, however, experienced higher increases in marriage and fertility rates, which most likely interfered with their schooling and labour market outcomes.

The Inefficacy of Strong Ties Networks in Migration Employment Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby Absuelo ◽  
Peter Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
Green Card ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

Abstract We examined Philippine graduates’ use of social networks to obtain initial employment in the United States labour market. Our research focused on employment opportunities and found that Philippine graduates’ usage of Strong Ties networks contributed to underemployment. Reliance on Strong Ties networking decreased respondents’ broader range of US employment opportunities and further impeded their prospects of upward employment mobility. While the Philippine graduates’ Strong Ties networking provided assistance and most specifically acted as intermediaries for gaining their initial employment, this type of networking had a significant impact resulting in poor labour market outcomes and rather imperfect long-term employment opportunities. Moreover, we found that, in conjunction with the use of Strong Ties, key variables, such as low-demand degree fields, lower educational attainment, lesser proficiency in English and green card status, were also strongly associated with poor employment outcomes.

scholarly journals Post-Compulsory Education in England: Choices and Implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 240 ◽  
pp. R42-R57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Hupkau ◽  
Sandra McNally ◽  
Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela ◽  
Guglielmo Ventura
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Education System ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Long Tail ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Academic Track ◽  
Early Labour ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
The Many

Most students do not follow the ‘academic track’ (i.e. A-levels) after leaving school and only about a third of students go to university before the age of 20. Yet progression routes for the majority that do not take this path but opt for vocational post-compulsory education are not as well-known, which partly has to do with the complexity of the vocational education system and the difficulty of deciphering available data. If we are to tackle long-standing problems of low social mobility and a long tail of underachievers, it is essential that post-16 vocational options come under proper scrutiny. This paper is a step in that direction.We use linked administrative data to track decisions made by all students in England who left compulsory education after having undertaken the national examination – the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) – at age 16 in the year 2009/10. We track them up to the age of 21, as they progress through the education system and (for some) into the labour market. We categorise the many different types of post-16 qualifications into several broad categories and we look at the probability of achieving various educational and early labour market outcomes, conditional on the path chosen at age 17. We also take into account the influence of demographics, prior attainment and the secondary school attended. Our findings illustrate the strong inequality apparently generated by routes chosen at age 17, even whilst controlling for prior attainment and schooling up to that point

scholarly journals Biomarkers and Long-Term Labour Market Outcomes: The Case of Creatine

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petri Bockerman ◽  
Alex Bryson ◽  
Jutta Viinikainen ◽  
Christian Hakulinen ◽  
Laura Pulkki-Raback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
Term Labour

Caught in the Cycle: Economic Conditions at Enrolment and Labour Market Outcomes of College Graduates*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Bičáková ◽  
Guido Matias Cortes ◽  
Jacopo Mazza
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
School Outcomes ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
High School Outcomes ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
College Grades

Abstract We show that cohorts of male graduates who start college during worse economic times earn higher average wages than those who start during better times. This is not explained by differences in selection into employment, economic conditions at graduation, or field of study choices. Graduates who enrol in bad times are not more positively selected based on their high-school outcomes, but they achieve higher college grades and earn higher wages conditional on their grades. Patterns for female graduates are similar, though less robust. Our results suggest that individuals who enrol during downturns exert more effort during their studies.

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