Cost Impact of Switching Histamine2-Receptor Antagonists to Nonprescription Status

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1135-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle D Furler ◽  
Mark S Rolnick ◽  
Kathleen S Lawday ◽  
Miranda W Mak ◽  
Thomas R Einarson
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Status Change ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND: There is a recent trend to switching medications from prescription to nonprescription status. Often, such switches are accompanied by dramatic changes in utilization due to increased availability or decreased insurance coverage. The histamine2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) underwent such status change in the UK in 1994, the US in 1995, and Canada in 1996. OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of the status change for H2RAs on the market for gastrointestinal (GI) agents in the US, UK, and Canada. METHODS: IMS market sales data from 1992 to 1997 were procured. All costs were converted to 1997 US dollars using the consumer price index. Per capita sales figures were determined using population data from the US Census Bureau's International Database. RESULTS: Overall spending on GI remedies increased in all 3 markets between 1992 and 1997; however, the contribution of prescription sales and number of prescriptions varied across the 3 countries. An increased market share for nonprescription H2RAs occurred in the US, correlating with a decline in prescription numbers for GI remedies. The opposing trend occurred in the UK, where market share of nonprescription H2RAs was minimal and use of prescription H2RAs increased. Prescription and nonprescription H2RA sales could not be differentiated for Canada. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of the H2RA status change varied across countries. Differences in utilization may be attributed to many factors such as differing healthcare systems, patient convenience, and physician prescribing practices. Further research is required to identify the reasons for differences in utilization and to quantify the potential clinical impact.

Biopesticide Summit – Regulatory Reform of Biopesticides, Virtual Conference, 6th July 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 168-170
Author(s):  
Robin Blake
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Regulatory Reform ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Media ◽  
Virtual Conference ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
The Eu

This virtual event was held as a follow-up to the inaugural Biopesticide Summit and Exhibition at Swansea University in July 2019, and postponed in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Sarah Harding, Communication Director at The World BioProtection Forum (WBF) & Biopesticide Summit opened the event with a few brief words of introduction before handing over to Dr Minshad Ansari, Chairman of the WBF.<br/> Dr Ansari was delighted with the more than 150 attendees already logged into the event with over 300 registered. The WBF was created in 2019 as a non-profit organization to bring together industry and academia for innovation. Dr Ansari thanked the event's supporters – AgBio, Agri Life, Bayer, Bionema, Ecolibrium Biologicals, Koppert Biological Systems, Harry Butler Institute and Sri BioAesthetics, as well as the media partners including Outlooks on Pest Management. He reiterated the need for regulatory reform due to removal of chemical pesticides, demands for organic food, limited biopesticide products registered and a lengthy and costly biopesticide registration process (5 years in EU where there are just 60 products available vs. 2.1 years in USA and where over 200 products are already available on market). The US is clearly in a much better place; in Europe, it is too expensive for SMEs and little progress has been made despite the work of the IBMA (International Biocontrol Manufacturers Association) and others. With respect to the biopesticides market share (value) by region, Europe has 27.7% market share (21.3% CAGR) and yet within UK, the CAGR is limited (unlike other European countries) – there are few products available in the market compared to chemical pesticides. The current biopesticide regulation is complex and not fit for purpose (compare 60 vs 200). Industry is facing a serious problem with pest control following the removal of some chemical pesticides, e.g.European cranefly which has caused many problems to the turf industry and has been impacted by the removal of chlorpyrifos. However, Brexit provides opportunities in the UK through government plans to "Build Back Better" by supporting Green Tech. At the EU level, the EU has committed to reducing use of pesticides by 50% (equating to 505 products) by 2030 so there are opportunities here for biopesticides to fill the market.<br/> Dr Ansari finished his introduction by restating the objectives for the meeting: for the speakers to present and debate the need for reform, their visions for a successful regulatory system, and how the WBF is working towards process reform in UK biopesticide regulation.

scholarly journals Defensive medicine in neurosurgery: the Canadian experience

2016 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 1524-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Smith ◽  
M. Maher Hulou ◽  
Sandra C. Yan ◽  
David J. Cote ◽  
Brian V. Nahed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Defensive Medicine ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Malpractice Insurance ◽  
The Us ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
The Impact

OBJECT Recent studies have examined the impact of perceived medicolegal risk and compared how this perception impacts defensive practices within the US. To date, there have been no published data on the practice of defensive medicine among neurosurgeons in Canada. METHODS An online survey containing 44 questions was sent to 170 Canadian neurosurgeons and used to measure Canadian neurosurgeons’ perception of liability risk and their practice of defensive medicine. The survey included questions on the following domains: surgeon demographics, patient characteristics, type of physician practice, surgeon liability profile, policy coverage, defensive behaviors, and perception of the liability environment. Survey responses were analyzed and summarized using counts and percentages. RESULTS A total of 75 neurosurgeons completed the survey, achieving an overall response rate of 44.1%. Over one-third (36.5%) of Canadian neurosurgeons paid less than $5000 for insurance annually. The majority (87%) of Canadian neurosurgeons felt confident with their insurance coverage, and 60% reported that they rarely felt the need to practice defensive medicine. The majority of the respondents reported that the perceived medicolegal risk environment has no bearing on their preferred practice location. Only 1 in 5 respondent Canadian neurosurgeons (21.8%) reported viewing patients as a potential lawsuit. Only 4.9% of respondents would have selected a different career based on current medicolegal risk factors, and only 4.1% view the cost of annual malpractice insurance as a major burden. CONCLUSIONS Canadian neurosurgeons perceive their medicolegal risk environment as more favorable and their patients as less likely to sue than their counterparts in the US do. Overall, Canadian neurosurgeons engage in fewer defensive medical behaviors than previously reported in the US.

Minimising medical litigation: a review of key tort and legal reforms

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Tan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Malpractice ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
The Us ◽  
Tort System ◽  
Medical Litigation ◽  
Tort Reforms ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The traditional tort system in medical malpractice is increasingly perceived as being incapable of addressing the mismatch between claims and negligent injuries. Tort reforms have been introduced in various developed countries in an attempt to bring about greater fairness and economic sustainability in the compensation of medical injuries and to reduce the overall rate of medical litigation. This paper reviews the key tort reforms that have been used in various countries, notably the US and the UK, and discusses the arguments that had been put forth by advocates and opponents of such reforms. The impact of these tort reforms, where studied and available, is also reviewed and discussed in the paper.

Early Intervention

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schillig
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Corrective Action ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Prompt Corrective Action ◽  
Systemic Risks ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The Financial Stability Board recommended that all national supervisors should have the mandate and powers to identify risks and intervene early in order to prevent unsound practices and take appropriate measures to reduce the impact of potential stresses on financial institutions and to safeguard against systemic risks. Accordingly, the BRRD and SRM contain new powers for the competent authorities to intervene early before an institution’s financial and economic situation has deteriorated to a point where resolution is the only viable alternative. The chapter starts with some theoretical reflections, focusing on the incentives of the actors involved. It then discusses the early intervention framework under BRRD and SRM and national transposition in the UK and Germany. It also covers the US prompt corrective action framework and early remediation under Dodd–Frank.

Sources of Increasing Inequality

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-190
Author(s):  
Francis Teal
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
The Political ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Unskilled Labour ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
The Impact

While all the evidence we have points to the rising living standards for most of the very poorest, the wages of unskilled labour in poor countries remain a fraction of those in rich countries. Those potential workers are seen as a threat to the living standards of the unskilled in rich countries and the political impetus to limit their access to those labour markets has been, and remains, one of the most potent issue in the politics of rich countries. This aversion to immigration as a threat to the wages of the unskilled often transmutes into a hostility to trade, as goods, which use a lot of unskilled labour, can be imported more cheaply. Both immigration and trade are seen as a threat to the unskilled. Two dimensions of this threat are examined in this chapter—the impact of Chinese exports on wages in the US and the impact of immigration on the UK economy.

scholarly journals Private Label and Macroeconomic Indicators: Europe and USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Eloy Gil-Cordero ◽  
Francisco Javier Rondán-Cataluña ◽  
Daniel Sigüenza-Morales
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Private Label ◽  
Private Labels ◽  
National Brand ◽  
Business Decisions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

In this study, we have analyzed the impact and evolution of some of the most important macroeconomic indices on the market share and value of private brands. The originality and objective of this work is the linkage of macroeconomic variables in European countries and the USA with the evolution of private labels in these countries. A sample of 19 European countries and all states within the USA has been collected over a 10-year period, including data on private labels and macroeconomic indices. The analysis of the panel data has been applied using the SPSS software through the Ljung–Box test. The most significant data from the sample study is that for GDP; we advised national brand managers to make a special communication effort in nations that offer a lower GDP within Europe for their volume and in value for the US. On the other hand, it was found that when the unemployment rate increases, the value of private label market share decreases for the US, but increases for Europe, in addition to other findings that will help organizations make different business decisions.

The Impact of Non-trading Periods on the Measurement of Volatility

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 607-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaw-Huei Wang ◽  
Yu-Jen Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Day Trading ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Us ◽  
Macro News ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Based upon the theory of the "arrival of news", the main purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of non-trading periods on the measurement of volatility for the S&P 500, FTSE 100, and TAIEX indices. Using an adaptation of the GJR (1,1) model, we find that both weekday holiday periods and half-day trading periods have significant impacts on the estimation of volatility for the S&P 500 and FTSE 100 indices. On the other hand, weekends have significant impacts for the TAIEX index. Our findings imply that for the UK and US markets, much less relevant information is produced during weekends, while more relevant information continues to be produced during other types of non-trading periods. However, the weekend volatility of the Taiwan market is specially driven because the US macro news is announced on Fridays and the trading time of the US market is later than that of the Taiwan market without any overlapping.

scholarly journals Cigarettes smoked among daily and non-daily smokers following CVS Health’s tobacco-free pharmacy policy

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-055976
Author(s):  
Aryn Z Phillips ◽  
Jennifer A Ahern ◽  
William C Kerr ◽  
Hector P Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Tobacco Sales ◽  
Smoking Cues ◽  
The Us ◽  
Linear Effects ◽  
Us Census ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionIn September 2014, CVS Health ceased tobacco sales in all of its 7700 pharmacies nationwide. We investigate the impact of the CVS policy on the number of cigarettes smoked per day among metropolitan daily and non-daily smokers, who may respond to the availability of smoking cues in different manners.MethodsData are from the US Census Bureau Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey 2014–2015 and the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Institute Community Health Management Hub. Adjusted difference-in-difference (DID) regressions assess changes in the number of cigarettes smoked per day among daily smokers (n=10 759) and non-daily smokers (n=3055), modelling core-based statistical area (CBSA) level CVS pharmacy market share continuously. To assess whether the policy had non-linear effects across the distribution of CVS market share, we also examine market share using tertiles.ResultsCVS’s tobacco-free pharmacy policy was associated with a significant reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked by non-daily smokers in the continuous DID (rate ratio=0.985, p=0.022), with a larger reduction observed among non-daily smokers in CBSAs in the highest third of CVS market share compared with those living in CBSAs with no CVS presence (rate ratio=0.706, p=0.027). The policy, however, was not significantly associated with differential changes in the number of cigarettes by daily smokers.ConclusionThe removal of tobacco products from CVS pharmacies was associated with a reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked per day among non-daily smokers in metropolitan CBSAs, particularly those in which CVS had a large pharmacy market share.

The World Economy: The impact of rising oil prices and weak equity markets on global growth

2008 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Ray Barrell
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Financial Innovation ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

In interesting times several things may happen simultaneously, and they may have connected roots. The financial turmoil that developed initially in the US banking sector had its roots in financial innovation that had made available cheap finance and increased demand for housing. This wave of low cost finance had spread to Europe, and house prices rose in a correlated way. The increase in demand in the world economy that resulted from strong growth in lending and high asset values helped raise output growth outside the OECD, and this in turn put upward pressure on oil prices. Markets sometimes work slowly, and the effects of the increase in demand on prices appear to be coming through just as the asset bubble is collapsing. The sequence of events was not inevitable, as low personal sector saving in the US and the UK as well as elsewhere could have been offset by tighter fiscal policy, and better prudential regulation of lenders would also definitely have helped. The desire to move financial regulation from the central bank, as in the UK, may have been for good, competition based, reasons, but it has meant that financial sector oversight has not taken account of the macroeconomic implications of a wave of lending that rested on risky financial innovation and therefore it has not properly addressed the issue of systemic risk (see Barrell and Davis, 2005). The resulting financial turmoil has meant that banks have made losses, and have been unable to trust each other's solvency when making deals. As a result three month interbank rates have risen well above central bank intervention rates, as can be seen in figure 1.

scholarly journals 719 The Routine Use of Opioid Medication for Post-Operative Pain Relief Can Risk Long Term Dependence, In Patients Previously Opiate Naive

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S McGurk ◽  
T Majeed ◽  
C Magee
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Opiate Dependence ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Opiate Use ◽  
Post Operative Pain ◽  
The Us ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Introduction Post-operative pain relief commonly involves opiates. Rising concerns about misuse has increased scrutiny of prescribing practices. In the UK, 12.5% of prescriptions are for opiates. In the US, the Department of Health and Human Services has declared an epidemic of opiate misuse. We aimed to evaluate opiate prescribing practices post-operatively, within a UK teaching hospital, and establish the risk of prolonged opiate use. Method A pan-speciality retrospective observational cohort study was performed. Patients who underwent surgery in the year 2018 were included. Patients were opiate naïve if their admission Medicine reconciliation and GP record described no opiates for the previous year. Endpoints: the proportion of patients discharged with opiates and the proportion of patients remaining on opiates at 1- and 2-years post admission. Results 20526 operations were performed on 17524 patients, across pan-specialities. 8772 patients were discharged on opiates. 673 required further opiates from their GP after discharge, of which 331 were previously opiate naive. At 1 year post op, 180 previously naive patients remained on opiates. Conclusions Attention needs to be given to the risk of developing opiate dependence post-operatively. An evidence-based approach should support clinicians in preventing an opiate crisis in the UK.

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