Effect of “Energy Drink” Consumption on Hemodynamic and Electrocardiographic Parameters in Healthy Young Adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Steinke ◽  
David E Lanfear ◽  
Vishnuprabha Dhanapal ◽  
James S Kalus
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Chronic Medical Conditions ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Ecg Changes ◽  
Baseline Blood Pressure ◽  
Chronic Medication ◽  
Fasted State ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption ◽  
Electrocardiographic Parameters

Background: Energy drinks are frequently purported to improve cognitive function and concentration. However, the cardiovascular effects of these drinks have not been adequately studied. Objective: To determine the cardiac effects of a commercially available, multicomponent energy drink in healthy volunteers. Methods: Fifteen healthy adults were Included in this prospective study. Individuals who had chronic medical conditions, ware on chronic medication, or were pregnant or breast-feeding were excluded. Subjects abstained from caffeine for 48 hours prior to and during the study. In the morning on Day 1 of the study, while subjects were in a fasted state, baseline blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters were measured. Participants then consumed 500 mL (2 cans) of an energy drink and measurements were repeated 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 4 hours later. Participants then drank 500 mL of energy drink daily for the next 5 days. Day 1 protocol was repeated on Day 7. Results: On Days 1 and 7, maximum mean systolic BP (SBP), HR, and QTc interval occurred at 4 hours. Maximum diastolic BP (DBP) occurred at 2 hours on Days 1 and 7. Within 4 hours of energy drink consumption, on Days 1 and 7, respectively, SBP increased by 7.9% (p = 0.006) and 9.6% (p < 0.001), HR increased by 7.8% (p = 0.009) and 11.0% (p < 0,001). and QTc interval increased by 2.4% (p = 0.368) and 5.0% (p = 0.052), DBP increased by 7.0% < p = 0.046) and 7.8% (p = 0.063) within 2 hours of energy drink consumption on Days 1 and 7, respectively. Conclusions: Although no significant ECG changes were observed, HR increased 5–7 beats/min and SBP increased 10 mm Hg after energy drink consumption.

Abstract 12689: Cardiovascular Responses to Energy Drinks in a Healthy Population: The C-energy Study

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teri M Kozik ◽  
Mouchumi Bhattacharyya ◽  
Teresa T Nguyen ◽  
Therese F Connolly ◽  
Walther Chien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption

Introduction: Energy drinks are presumed to enhance energy, physical endurance, mood, and boost metabolism. Serious health risks have been reported with energy drink consumption such as myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, stroke, seizures, and arrhythmias. More than 20,000 emergency department visits related to energy drink consumption were reported in 2011. Little is known about the possible pathophysiological mechanisms and adverse events associated with energy drinks. Unlike the tobacco and alcohol industry, there are limited restrictions regulating the purchasing and marketing of these drinks. Purpose: To determine if consumption of energy drinks alter; vital signs (blood pressure, temperature), electrolytes (magnesium, potassium, calcium), activated bleeding time (ACT), or cardiac responses measured with a 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) Holter. Method: Subjects consumed two-16 ounce cans of an energy drink within one hour and remained in the lab where data was collected at base line (BL) and then during four hours post consumption (PC). Vital signs were taken every 30 minutes; blood samples were collected at BL, one, two and four hours PC and ECG data was collected throughout the entire study period. Paired students t-test and a corresponding non-parametric test (Wilcoxon signed rank) were used for analysis of the data. Results: Fourteen healthy young subjects were recruited (mean age 28.6 years). Systolic blood pressure (BL=132, ±7.83; PC= 151, ±11.21; p=.001); QTc interval (BL=423, ±22.74; PC=503, ±24.56; p<.001); magnesium level (BL 2.04, ± 0.09; PC=2.13, ±0.15; p=.05); and calcium level (BL=9.31, ±.28; PC=9.52, ±.22; p=.018) significantly increased from BL. While potassium and ACT fluctuated (increase and decrease) no significant changes were observed. Eight of the fourteen subjects (57%) developed a QTc >500 milliseconds PC. Conclusions: In our sample, consumption of energy drinks increased systolic blood pressure, serum magnesium and calcium, and resulted in repolarization abnormalities. Because these physiological responses can lead to arrhythmias and other abnormal cardiac responses, further study in a larger sample is needed to determine the effects and possible consequences of energy drink consumption.

Abstract 12640: Energy Drinks Prolong Early Repolarization (J-T Peak ) Phase in a Healthy Population

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel R Kaplan ◽  
Ghufran Syed ◽  
Teri Kozik
Keyword(s):  
Torsade De Pointes ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Qtc Prolongation ◽  
Early Repolarization ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption

Introduction: Energy drinks continue to be the fastest growing beverage market with sales expected to reach $60 billion in the next few years, yet have demonstrated adverse cardiovascular effects such as prolongation of the QTc interval on EKG. While QTc prolongation observed with certain drugs has long been used as an indicator of increased risk of torsade de pointes, recent data has identified the early repolarization interval J-T peak (JTp) as a more specific marker for proarrhythmic potential. Drugs that selectively block the human ether-a-go-go related (hERG) potassium ion channel prolong QTc by prolonging both early repolarization (JTp) and late repolarization (T peak -T end [Tpe] interval), and are associated with an increased risk of torsade. In contrast, drugs that additionally block inward late sodium and L-type calcium prolong QTc by prolonging Tpe but not JTp, and have demonstrated reduced risk of torsade. In 2018, the C-Energy-X study demonstrated QTc prolongation in 22 healthy subjects (mean age 28 ± 7yrs) who consumed energy drink while at rest and following short periods of exercise. Our study provides a secondary analysis of this data in terms of its effect on JTp, a potentially more specific marker for torsade risk. Methods: Using H-Scribe software, two evaluators independently measured JTp and RR intervals from C-Energy-X subjects pre- and post-energy drink consumption in the rest and exercise phases. Values were corrected for heart rate using the linear correction formula JTpc=JTp + 0.150(1-RR), where RR is R-to-R interval. Mean JTpc values from each phase were analyzed using a paired sample two-tailed t -test. Results: In the resting phase following energy drink consumption (PCr), there was a statistically significant increase in JTpc intervals for 77% of subjects by a mean of 10.5ms (baseline=234 ± 21.3ms; PCr=245 ± 22.0ms; p =0.015). In the exercise phase following energy drink consumption (PCe), 64% of subjects increased JTpc intervals by a mean of 0.8ms which was not significant (baseline=225 ± 15.7ms; PCe=226 ± 17.9ms; p =0.845). Conclusion: In the resting phase, energy drink consumption was associated with statistically significant prolongation of JTpc, suggesting a theoretical increased risk of torsade de pointes.

QTc interval prolongation with high dose energy drink consumption in a healthy volunteer

2014 ◽  
Vol 172 (2) ◽  
pp. e336-e337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin A. Shah ◽  
Carolyn S. Lacey ◽  
Taylor Bergendahl ◽  
Mark Kolasa ◽  
Ian C. Riddock
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteer ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Interval Prolongation ◽  
Qtc Interval Prolongation ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption

Abstract P324: Impact of Energy Drinks on Electrocardiographic and Blood Pressure Parameters: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin A Shah ◽  
Carolyn S Lacey ◽  
Ian C Riddock ◽  
Michael Lee ◽  
Anthony E Dargush
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
English Language ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Energy drinks capture 47% of the beverage market share internationally. Several studies have tried to evaluate the health risks of energy drink consumption but a general consensus does not exist. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the cardiovascular effects of energy drinks on notable electrocardiographic and blood pressure parameters. Methods: A literature search in PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane database and by hand searching of relevant references was performed. Human clinical studies published in the English language were included if evaluating the impact of an energy drink on the QT/QTc interval or systolic blood pressure (SBP). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were also assessed. A weighted mean change from baseline was calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model for all endpoints. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess heterogeneity. Results: Our initial search identified 351 studies of which 7 were ultimately included. A total of 93 and 132 individual subjects were incorporated for the QT/QTc interval and SBP analyses respectively. Compared to baseline, QT/QTc interval prolonged significantly by 10.0msec [95%CI 0.41 to 19.67; Cochrane Q p=0.505] and SBP increased significantly by 3.5mmHg [95%CI 0.92 to 6.11; Cochrane Q p=0.635]. DBP and HR increased non-significantly. These effects were maintained in most subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Energy drinks significantly prolong the QT/QTc interval and raise SBP. DBP and HR are increased non-significantly. Further safety evaluation of energy drink consumption is warranted to guide public health policy.

Abstract MP43: Electrocardiographic and Blood Pressure Effects of Energy Drinks and Panax Ginseng in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin A Shah ◽  
Tinh An (April) Nguyen ◽  
Andrew Occiano ◽  
Amanda Chan ◽  
Joseph C Sky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
Qt Interval ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption ◽  
Pr Interval

Introduction: Energy drink usage has been linked to emergency room visits and deaths. Cardiovascular and neurological adverse effects are among the most frequently reported, warranting further exploration of risk factors and cardiovascular outcomes. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that energy drinks and panax ginseng may contribute to significant electrocardiographic and blood pressure changes in healthy individuals. Methods: This was a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled, crossover study where young healthy volunteers consumed 3 different study drinks on different days. The interventions included 32 ounces of an energy drink, control drink with 800 mg of panax ginseng or a matching placebo drink, all of which were consumed over a 45 minute period. Primary endpoints of interest were QTc interval and systolic blood pressure. Secondary endpoints included QT interval, PR interval, QRS duration, heart rate, and diastolic blood pressure. All endpoints were assessed at baseline, 1, 2, 3.5, and 5.5 hours post-study drink administration. Results: Twenty seven volunteers completed the study. A significant increase in QTc interval 2 hours post energy drink consumption was evident when compared to placebo (3.37±10.7 msec and -3.19±11.8 msec respectively; p=0.030). Similarly, systolic blood pressure 2 hours post energy drink consumption increased when compared to placebo (2.00±6.37 mmHg and -2.67±5.83 mmHg respectively; p=0.014). The PR interval significantly reduced over a 2 hour period post energy drink use in a clinically non-meaningful manner. Heart rate at 2 hours was not significantly higher in the energy drink group. The QT interval, QRS interval and diastolic blood pressure were not impacted at any time across groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, certain energy drinks consumed at a high volume can significantly increase the QTc interval and systolic blood pressure by over 6 msec and 4 mmHg respectively. Panax ginseng does not have a significant impact on ECG or blood pressure parameters. Future studies are warranted to delineate the electrophysiological and hemodynamic risks of certain energy drinks consumed at different concentrations and durations.

scholarly journals Energy Drink-Associated Electrophysiological and Ischemic Abnormalities: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana X. Cao ◽  
Kimberly Maiton ◽  
Javed M. Nasir ◽  
N. A. Mark Estes ◽  
Sachin A. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Supraventricular Arrhythmia ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption

An increasing number of cardiovascular adverse effects, emergency room visits, and deaths have been linked to energy drinks. In this review, we summarized available published literature assessing electrophysiological and ischemic adverse effects associated with energy drink consumption. Overall, 32 case reports and 19 clinical trials are included in this review. Ventricular arrhythmia, supraventricular arrhythmia, and myocardial ischemia were amongst the most commonly reported in case reports with 3 having a fatal outcome. Although serious ischemic changes, arrhythmias, or death were not observed in clinical trials, significant electrophysiological changes, such as PR/PQ interval shortening/prolongation, QT/QTc shortening/prolongation, and ST-T changes, were noted. QT/QTc interval prolongation appears to be the most significant finding in clinical trials, and there appears to be a dose-response relationship between energy drink consumption and QTc prolongation. The exact mechanisms and the particular combination of ingredients behind energy drink-induced cardiac abnormalities require further evaluation. Until more information is available, energy drink use should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis in appropriate patients presenting with electrocardiographic changes. Further, certain patient populations should exercise caution and limit their energy drink consumption.

Prevalence of Energy Drink Consumption in Adolescents

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 137 (Supplement 3) ◽  
pp. 136A-136A
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn Reyes ◽  
Anju Sawni ◽  
Nicolas Lecea ◽  
Jenny LaChance ◽  
Keith Emond
Keyword(s):  
Energy Drink ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption

scholarly journals Risk-Taking Behavior and the Consumption of Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drink among Australian, Dutch and UK Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5315
Author(s):  
Sean J. Johnson ◽  
Sarah Benson ◽  
Andrew Scholey ◽  
Chris Alford ◽  
Joris C. Verster
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Of Risk

The relationship between risk-taking behavior, alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences is well known. The current analyses were conducted to investigate whether alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) is related to risk-taking behavior and if there is a relationship between the amount of energy drink mixed with alcohol consumed, risk-taking behavior and negative alcohol-related consequences. Data from N = 1276 AMED consuming students from the Netherlands, UK and Australia who completed the same survey were evaluated. The analysis revealed that, compared to AMED occasions, on alcohol only (AO) occasions significantly more alcohol was consumed and significantly more negative alcohol-related consequences were reported. On both AO and AMED occasions, there was a strong and positive relationship between amount of alcohol consumed, level of risk-taking behavior and number of reported negative alcohol-related consequences. In contrast, the level of risk-taking behavior was not clearly related to energy drink consumption. Across risk-taking levels, differences in the amount of energy drink consumed on AMED occasions did not exceed one 250 mL serving of energy drink. When correcting for the amount of alcohol consumed, there were no statistically significant differences in the number of energy drinks consumed on AMED occasions between the risk-taking groups. In conclusion, alcohol consumption is clearly related to risk-taking behavior and experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences. In contrast, energy drink intake was not related to level of risk-taking behavior and only weakly related to the number of experienced negative alcohol-related consequences.

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