Ski-geometric parameters do not differ between ACL injury mechanisms in recreational alpine skiing

Purpose It is not known so far if ski-equipment-related factors differ between the ACL injury mechanisms, potentially influencing the circumstances and causes of falling, finally resulting in ACL injury. More specifically focusing on the injury mechanisms will provide a deeper understanding of injury causation. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether ACL injury mechanisms in recreational alpine skiing differ with regard to ski-geometric parameters, self-reported circumstances and causes of accident and injury severity. Methods Among a cohort of 392 ACL-injured (57.9% females) skiers, age, sex, height, weight, skill level, risk-taking behavior, circumstances and causes of accident, and ACL injury severity were collected by questionnaire. Additionally, patients had to recall their type of fall (ACL injury mechanism) by classifying forward and backward falls with and without body rotation. Ski length, side cut radius and widths of the tip, waist and tail were directly notated from the ski. Results The forward fall with body rotation was the most common reported ACL injury mechanism (63%). A riskier behavior was associated with forward falls without body rotation. Ski-geometric parameters did not significantly influence the type of ACL injury mechanism. Regarding accident characteristics, catching an edge of the ski was more frequent (p < 0.001) the cause for forward falls (75% and 67%) when compared to the backward falls (46 and 15%) and executing a turn was the most frequent action in all falls (39–68%). A complete rupture of the ACL (66–70%) was more commonly reported than a partial tear (30–34%) among all four non-contact ACL injury mechanisms (n.s.). Conclusion In contrast to risk-taking behavior and accident characteristics, ski-geometric parameters and injury severity do not significantly differ between ACL injury mechanisms in recreational skiing. Thus, an individual skiing style seems to have more impact on ACL injury mechanisms than ski equipment. Future studies should evaluate potential effects of ski geometry on the incidence of ACL injury. Level of evidence III.

Beyond existential and neoliberal explanations of consumers’ embodied risk-taking: CrossFit as an articulation of reflexive modernization

This study analyzes CrossFit as a marketplace culture that articulates several key dimensions of reflexive modernization. Through this analysis, we illuminate a different set of theoretical relationships than have been addressed by previous accounts of physically challenging, risk-taking consumption practices. To provide analytic clarity, we first delineate the key differences between reflexive modernization and the two interpretive frameworks—the existential and neoliberal models—that have framed prior explanations of consumers’ proactive risk-taking. We then explicate the ways in which CrossFit’s marketplace culture shapes consumers’ normative understandings of risk and their corresponding identity goals. Rather than combatting modernist disenchantment (i.e., the existential model) or building human capital for entrepreneurial competitions (i.e., the neoliberal model), CrossFit enthusiasts understand risk-taking as a means to build their preparatory fitness for unknown contingencies and imminent threats. Our analysis bridges a theoretical chasm between studies analyzing consumers’ proactive risk-taking behavior and those addressing the feelings of anxiety and uncertainty induced by the threat of uncontrollable systemic risks.

新型コロナウイルス感染症のヘルスリテラシーとリスクテイク行動および予防行動との関連

In our previous study Survey 1, we found infection prevention behaviors were characterized by health literacy and found to be divided into six segments: "majority/social defense”, “self-judgment/self-protection”, "threat denying”, "hoax affinity/optimism," "vigilance/self-protection”, and "hyper-vigilance/social defense”.The purpose of this study is to confirm the validity of segmentation by health literacy and to examine its relationship with risk-taking behavior and infection prevention behavior.The 6,000 respondents to Survey 1 were asked to answer again, and the 3,800 who responded were targeting in the study.In the results, we found that the fear of infectious diseases and the cognitive bias to believe that they will not be infected led to a regression to each segment, with significant differences between the segments. Significant differences in risk-taking and infection prevention behaviors were also found among the segments. In addition, there was no significant difference in the use of the “ Go to campaign “ among the segments.In risk-taking behavior, "self-judgment and self-protection" is considered to be a risk-taking behavior if the risk of infection is judged to be low based on accurate information obtained by the individual. Threat denial" has the lowest level of infection prevention behavior and is considered to take high-risk behaviors without hesitation. Over-vigilance and social defense" is considered to be a preventive behavior instead of risk-taking behavior due to over-vigilance against infection. In the “Go to campaign” , even if the respondents were highly susceptible to infection and felt threatened by infectious diseases, and even if they had no cognitive bias against infectious diseases, they would use this campaign.

Preprint of “How does peer competition modulates risk-taking behavior: Evidence from Event-related potentials (ERPs) in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART)”

The relation between peer influence and risk-taking behaviors has received extensive empirical attention. However, the underlying mechanisms of whether how two-way conflicting context influences risk-taking behaviors still remain unclear. To this end, the current study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate how peer competition affects risk-taking behaviors among adolescents. Twenty-four college students completed a Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) under two contexts: single and peer competition condition. Behavioral results showed that participants prefer risk aversion in competitive context. ERPs results showed that participants induce higher N2 under peer competition in the decision-making phase. In the feedback phase, a higher P300 was observed in single condition while a more negative feedback-related negativity (FRN) was showed after loss feedback. Results are in line with social comparison theory and reinforcement learning theory. The specific effect of peer influence on risk-taking behavior has been discussed.

Bursting balloons - comparison of risk taking between extreme sports, esports, and the general public

Arguably, extreme sports athletes exhibit a more significant risk appetite than the general public. Are standard behavioral risk measures able to capture this? To answer this question, we assessed self-reports of risk taking and measured the risk-taking behavior of samples of snowboarders and climbers. Two groups of non-athletes, university students and crowdworkers, and athletes of a sport that does not include the potential of grave injury or death, esports athletes, serve as control conditions and complement our study. Across these five different groups, 1313 participants performed an online version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) and gave self-reports of general willingness to take risks and sports-specific risk taking. Extreme sports athletes exhibited greater risk taking in the BART than non-athletes and esports athletes. Furthermore, BART-performance predicted sports-specific risk taking and its affective consequences. Our results speak to the BART’s ecological validity and the unique role of physical consequences on risk-taking behavior.

Impacts of Sharīʿah supervision and corporate social responsibility on banks’ risk-taking behavior and profitability

Purpose This paper aims to examine the impacts of both Sharīʿah supervision and corporate social responsibility on banks’ risk-taking behavior and profitability. The analysis empirically uses dynamic and balanced panel data from 12 banks of Bangladesh for 2010–2019. Design/methodology/approach Dynamic panel generalized method of moments has been used primarily to examine the effects of Sharīʿah supervision and corporate social responsibility on risk-taking behavior and profitability. Later, the authors validate the core results using three-stage least squares and incorporates alternative risk and profitability measures in the baseline equation. Findings This study finds that Sharīʿah supervision heterogeneously derives benefits for Islamic banks and Islamic windows. Though there is no significant impact of female diversity on risk relying on board diversification, the bank can strengthen profitability. On the one hand, the annual changes in board composition reduce (increase) risk (financial and stability efficiency) but compromise profitability. Notably, socially responsible banks have been characterized as risk-averse and better stabilized (in terms of solvency and efficiency), more efficient and profitable. Originality/value Very few studies are available in the current literature which examine the impacts of Sharīʿah supervision and corporate social responsibility on either bank performance or risk-taking in the developing economy’s context.

Longitudinal association between interparental conflict and risk-taking behavior among Chinese adolescent: Testing a moderated mediation model

Objective: Grounded in ecological system theory , this study considers the longitudinal association between interparental conflict (IPC) and risk-taking behavior among adolescents and investigates the underlying mediating and moderating mechanisms. Background: IPC has been shown to have a detrimental impact on adolescent behavior development. However, little is known about the processing mechanisms underlying the association of IPC and risk-taking behavior from an ecosystem perspective. Method: This study conducted a longitudinal design (3 time points, 3 months apart) with the sample comprising 550 middle school students in southeastern China (52.91% males; mean age at Time 1 = 15.37). The performed measurements encompassed IPC (T1), deviant peer affiliation (T2), school climate (T3), risk-taking behavior (T1/T2/T3), and demographic information. Results: The moderated mediation model revealed that after controlling for T1/T2 risk-taking behavior, T1 IPC was longitudinally and positively correlated with T3 risk-taking behavior through T2 deviant peer affiliation. Furthermore, the indirect effect of T2 deviant peer affiliation was significantly stronger under a low-level T3 school climate. Conclusion: Adolescent risk-taking behavior is the joint effect of risk factors from multiple microsystems. Specifically , IPC is associated with higher levels of deviant peer affiliation, which, in turn, are associated with more risk-taking behavior. Moreover, the negative school climate serves as a risk factor to enhance the adverse impact of deviant peer affiliation on adolescents' risk-taking behavior.

Socioeconomic Status and Risk-Taking Behavior Among Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital and Self-Control

Risk-taking behavior is particularly widespread during adolescence, and negatively impacts the healthy growth and social adaptation of adolescents. Utilizing problem-behavior theory (PBT) and the family stress model (FSM), the current study examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescents’ risk-taking behavior, as well as the mediating role of psychological capital and self-control. A total of 1,156 Chinese adolescent students (Mage = 15.51, 48% boys) completed a series of questionnaires anonymously. The results showed that: (1) Socioeconomic status was negatively correlated with adolescents’ risk-taking behavior; (2) Both psychological capital and self-control mediated the relationship between SES and adolescents’ risk-taking behavior independently; and (3) Psychological capital and self-control also mediated the relationship between SES and the risk-taking behavior of adolescents sequentially. This study reveals the internal mechanism of risk-taking behavior during adolescence and provides theoretical support and empirical evidence for preventing and reducing such behavior in this age group.