Guidelines for calibration in analytical chemistry. Part 2: Multicomponent calibration (IUPAC Technical Report)

2004 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Danzer ◽  
M. Otto ◽  
L. A. Currie
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Technical Report ◽  
Measurement Domain ◽  
The One ◽  
Analytical Practice ◽  
The Ideal

Calibration in analytical chemistry refers to the relation between sample domain and measurement domain (signal domain) expressed by an analytical function x = fs(Q) representing a pattern of chemical species Q and their amounts or concentrations x in a given test sample on the one hand and a measured function y = f(z) that may be a spectrum, chromatogram, etc. Simultaneous multispecies analyses are carried out mainly by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods in a more or less selective way. For the determination of n species Qi (i = 1,2 …n), at least n signals must be measured which should be well separated in the ideal case. In analytical practice, the situation can be different.

Spatial Sampling in Monostatic Subsurface Radar Imaging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Antonia Maisto ◽  
Rocco Pierri ◽  
Raffaele Solimene
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Subsurface Scattering ◽  
Point Spread Functions ◽  
Point Spread ◽  
Measurement Domain ◽  
Standard Sampling ◽  
The One ◽  
Space Case

<div>This paper deals with microwave subsurface imaging obtained by a migration-like inversion scheme, for a 2D monostatic scalar configuration and a two-layered background medium. The focus is on the determination of a data sampling strategy which allows to reduce the number of required measurements and at the same time keep the same performance in the reconstructions. To this end, the measurement points are determined in order to approximate the point-spread function corresponding to the ideal continuous case (i.e., the case in which the data space is not sampled at all). Basically, thanks to suitable variable transformations the point-spread functions is recast as a Fourier-like operator and this provides insight to devise the sampling scheme. It is shown that resulting measurement spatial positions are non-uniformly arranged across the measurement domain and their number can be much lower than the one provided by some literature standard sampling criteria. The study also contains a comparison with the free space case so as to highlight the role played by the half-space that schematized the subsurface scattering scenario on the number and the locations of the measurement points. Numerical examples are also included to check the theoretical arguments.</div>

scholarly journals Elemental Speciation Analysis in Environmental Studies: Latest Trends and Ecological Impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12135
Author(s):  
Mauricio Llaver ◽  
Emiliano F. Fiorentini ◽  
María N. Oviedo ◽  
Pamela Y. Quintas ◽  
Rodolfo G. Wuilloud
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Chromatographic Separations ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Relevant Element

Speciation analysis is a key aspect of modern analytical chemistry, as the toxicity, environmental mobility, and bioavailability of elemental analytes are known to depend strongly on an element’s chemical species. Henceforth, great efforts have been made in recent years to develop methods that allow not only the determination of elements as a whole, but also each of its separate species. Environmental analytical chemistry has not ignored this trend, and this review aims to summarize the latest methods and techniques developed with this purpose. From the perspective of each relevant element and highlighting the importance of their speciation analysis, different sample treatment methods are introduced and described, with the spotlight on the use of modern nanomaterials and novel solvents in solid phase and liquid-liquid microextractions. In addition, an in-depth discussion of instrumental techniques aimed both at the separation and quantification of metal and metalloid species is presented, ranging from chromatographic separations to electro-chemical speciation analysis. Special emphasis is made throughout this work on the greenness of these developments, considering their alignment with the precepts of the Green Chemistry concept and critically reviewing their environmental impact.

Using Spline Functions for the Shape Description of the Surface of Shell Structures

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Lenda
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Shell Structures ◽  
Shape Description ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
Point Set ◽  
The One ◽  
Half Axis ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThe assessment of the cover shape of shell structures makes an important issue both from the point of view of safety, as well as functionality of the construction. The most numerous group among this type of constructions are objects having the shape of a quadric (cooling towers, tanks with gas and liquids, radio-telescope dishes etc.). The material from observation of these objects (point sets), collected during periodic measurements is usually converted into a continuous form in the process of approximation, with the use of the quadric surface. The created models, are then applied in the assessment of the deformation of surface in the given period of time. Such a procedure has, however, some significant limitations. The approximation with the use of quadrics, allows the determination of basic dimensions and location of the construction, however it results in ideal objects, not providing any information on local surface deformations. They can only be defined by comparison of the model with the point set of observations. If the periodic measurements are carried out in independent, separate points, then it will be impossible to define the existing deformations directly. The second problem results from the one-equation character of the ideal approximation model. Real deformations of the object change its basic parameters, inter alia the lengths of half-axis of main quadrics. The third problem appears when the construction is not a quadric; no information on the equation describing its shape is available either. Accepting wrong kind of approximation function, causes the creation of a model of large deviations from the observed points.All the mentioned above inconveniences can be avoided by applying splines to the shape description of the surface of shell structures. The use of the function of this type, however, comes across other types of limitations. This study deals with the above subject, presenting several methods allowing the increase of accuracy and decrease of the time of the modelling with the splines.

scholarly journals Spatial Sampling in Monostatic Subsurface Radar Imaging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Antonia Maisto ◽  
Rocco Pierri ◽  
Raffaele Solimene
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Subsurface Scattering ◽  
Point Spread Functions ◽  
Point Spread ◽  
Measurement Domain ◽  
Standard Sampling ◽  
The One ◽  
Space Case

<div>This paper deals with microwave subsurface imaging obtained by a migration-like inversion scheme, for a 2D monostatic scalar configuration and a two-layered background medium. The focus is on the determination of a data sampling strategy which allows to reduce the number of required measurements and at the same time keep the same performance in the reconstructions. To this end, the measurement points are determined in order to approximate the point-spread function corresponding to the ideal continuous case (i.e., the case in which the data space is not sampled at all). Basically, thanks to suitable variable transformations the point-spread functions is recast as a Fourier-like operator and this provides insight to devise the sampling scheme. It is shown that resulting measurement spatial positions are non-uniformly arranged across the measurement domain and their number can be much lower than the one provided by some literature standard sampling criteria. The study also contains a comparison with the free space case so as to highlight the role played by the half-space that schematized the subsurface scattering scenario on the number and the locations of the measurement points. Numerical examples are also included to check the theoretical arguments.</div>

scholarly journals Kinematics and Constraints of the Exechon Robot Accounting Offsets Due to Errors in the Base Joint Axes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. López-Custodio ◽  
J. S. Dai ◽  
R. Fu ◽  
Y. Jin
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Kinematics ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Constraint System ◽  
Parallel Platform ◽  
Forward And Inverse Kinematics ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract An Exechon robot with offsets between the axes of the joints that connect the legs to the fixed platform is analyzed for the first time. Ideally these axes intersect constituting two universal and one spherical joints. The introduction of imperfections in these universal and spherical joints leads to more complex forward and inverse kinematics, which are solved in this paper. It is proved that the equations used for the kinematics of the ideal Exechon robot are no longer applicable when these offsets are added. The constraint system is also obtained, and it is found to be different to the one of the ideal case. Finally, the combination of offsets that lead to the largest deviation in the position of the parallel platform is determined.

The Relationship of the Efficiency of Energy Conversion Into Growth as an Indicator for the Determination of the Optimal Dosage for Mutation Breeding With the Appearance of Chromosomal Bridges, Ring Chromosomes, Micronuclei and Incomplete Mitosis After Gamma Irradiation of Kernels of Triticum Turgidum Ssp. Durum L. Cultivar Orania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
EBEN VON WELL ◽  
ANNABEL FOSSEY ◽  
MARDÉ BOOYSE
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Ring Chromosomes ◽  
Irradiation Dosage ◽  
The One ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract BackgroundA 50% growth reduction of seedling height (GR50) after acute gamma irradiation of dormant kernels is widely used as a measure of irradiation damage to obtain the ideal irradiation dosage for mutation breeding. It became clear in recent years that the GR50 is not sensitive enough to predict the ideal gamma irradiation dosage for mutation breeding and it predicts a value that is higher than ideal. The study aim was to determine whether root, shoot and seedling growth on the one side and the efficiency of energy conversion into growth on the other are measuring different growth retardation effects of gamma irradiation that are the result of DNA damage (bridges, ring chromosomes, micronuclei, incomplete mitosis) in Triticum turgidum ssp. durum. If the efficiency of energy conversion into growth is measuring different effects, the usefulness of efficiency of energy conversion into growth to predict the optimal dosage for mutation breeding will be investigated. ResultsThe kernels were gamma irradiated from 50 - 350 Gy using a 60Cobalt source. The kernels were left to germinate and grow for a period of 132 hours for the shoot and root growth and the efficiency of energy conversion into growth determination and for a period of 47.5 hours for the determination of the number of bridges, ring chromosomes, micronuclei and incomplete mitosis. The control differed highly significantly from 50 Gy and higher dosages and from 250 Gy and higher dosages for root and shoot growth respectively and from 250 Gy for the efficiency of energy conversion into growth. There was a highly significant increase in the number of bridges and micronuclei between 50 Gy and 150 Gy together with the higher irradiation dosages and only from 250 Gy for the ring chromosomes and interphase cells with incomplete mitosis. Root and seedling growth on the one hand and the efficiency of energy conversion into growth on the other were found to be measuring different effects of gamma irradiation on plant growth. ConclusionThe optimal dosage for mutation breeding was determined by making use of the efficiency of energy conversion into growth.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF HEAD GAPS AND ROTOR GAP ON FLOW RATE AND HYDRAULIC LEAKAGE OF A NOVEL NON-CONTACT ROTOR BLOWER

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6A) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hong Thai
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Leakage Flow ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Design Error ◽  
Leakage Flow Rate ◽  
Working Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Ideal

The Roots blower belongs to the non-contact rotor pump family, therefore, there are always certain clearances between rotors and clearances between the rotor and the stator. These clearances have serious effects on the working performance of blower. Therefore, to determine the design error and the method of machining to achieve the lowest price, required machining technology, flow rate and pressure, the determination of leakage flow rate and pressure through the head gap and rotor gap is very necessary. Thus, in this paper, the authors conduct to build a mathematical model in order to determine the flow rate and pressure of blower in the ideal case in which there is no clearance and the case in which there are clearances. On that basis, the authors aim to evaluate the impact of head gaps and rotor gap on flow rate and pressure leakage. In order to improve the working performance of blower and to choose the machining method that is suitable for the applications of this blower.

scholarly journals Kinematic Analysis of the Exechon Robot Accounting Offsets in the Joint Axes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. López-Custodio ◽  
J. S. Dai ◽  
R. Fu ◽  
Y. Jin
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
Inverse Kinematics ◽  
Spherical Joint ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Constraint System ◽  
Parallel Platform ◽  
Forward And Inverse Kinematics ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract An Exechon robot with offsets between the axes of the joints that connect the legs to the fixed platform is analyzed for the first time. Ideally these axes intersect constituting two universal and one spherical joint. The insertion of imperfections in these universal and spherical joints leads to more complex forward and inverse kinematics which are solved in this paper. It is proved that the equations used for the kinematics of the ideal Exechon robot are no longer applicable when these offsets are added. The constraint system is also obtained and it is found to be different to the one of the ideal case. Finally, the combination of offsets that lead to the largest deviation in the position of the parallel platform is determined.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF HEAD GAPS AND ROTOR GAP ON FLOW RATE AND HYDRAULIC LEAKAGE OF A NOVEL NON-CONTACT ROTOR BLOWER

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6A) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hong Thai
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Leakage Flow ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Design Error ◽  
Leakage Flow Rate ◽  
Working Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Ideal

The Roots blower belongs to the non-contact rotor pump family, therefore, there are always certain clearances between rotors and clearances between the rotor and the stator. These clearances have serious effects on the working performance of blower. Therefore, to determine the design error and the method of machining to achieve the lowest price, required machining technology, flow rate and pressure, the determination of leakage flow rate and pressure through the head gap and rotor gap is very necessary. Thus, in this paper, the authors conduct to build a mathematical model in order to determine the flow rate and pressure of blower in the ideal case in which there is no clearance and the case in which there are clearances. On that basis, the authors aim to evaluate the impact of head gaps and rotor gap on flow rate and pressure leakage. In order to improve the working performance of blower and to choose the machining method that is suitable for the applications of this blower.

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