Investigation of the Christiansen Effect in the Mid-Infrared Region for Airborne Particles

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 860-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Pollard ◽  
Peter R. Griffiths ◽  
Koichi Nishikida
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Wavelength Dependence ◽  
Infrared Region ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Airborne Particulate ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Airborne Dust ◽  
Insight Into

During measurements of open-path Fourier transform infrared spectra, airborne dust may be present in the infrared beam. We have investigated the feasibility of identifying and quantifying the airborne particulate matter from spectra measured in this way. Although the results showed that analysis of the particulate matter was not able to be performed from these spectra, insight into the size and wavelength dependence of the Christiansen effect at wavelengths where the particles absorb strongly was obtained. Airborne particles larger than or equal to the wavelength of the incident radiation give rise to asymmetrical features in the spectrum caused by the Christiansen effect. However, the transmittance at wavelengths where the refractive index of the particles equals that of the atmosphere never reaches 1.0 because of absorption by the particles. As the particle size becomes much smaller than the wavelength of the incident radiation, the Christiansen effect becomes less pronounced and eventually is not exhibited.

An improved dual-stage protocol to pre-concentrate mercury from airborne particles for precise isotopic measurement

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Huang ◽  
YuLong Liu ◽  
JiuBin Chen ◽  
XinBin Feng ◽  
WeiLin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Airborne Particulate ◽  
Dual Stage ◽  
Insight Into

The Hg isotopic signature may provide insight into tracking the sources and pathways of both airborne particulate matter (PM) and particle-bound Hg (PHg) in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Temporal Variation of Radiocarbon Concentration in Airborne Particulate Matter in Tokyo

Radiocarbon ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Shibata ◽  
Michio Endo ◽  
Naomichi Yamamoto ◽  
Jun Yoshinaga ◽  
Yukio Yanagisawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Particle Size Fraction ◽  
Airborne Particulate ◽  
Carbonaceous Particles ◽  
Secondary Particles ◽  
Insight Into

The temporal radiocarbon variation (in terms of percent Modern Carbon: pMC) of size-fractionated airborne particulate matter (APM) collected in Tokyo between April 2002 and February 2003 was analyzed in order to get an insight into the sources of carbonaceous particles. Results indicated significant biogenic origins (approximately 40 pMC on average). In general, the seasonal and particle size variations in pMC were relatively small, with 2 exceptions: elevated pMC in coarse particles in April and October 2002, and relatively low pMC in the finest particle size fraction collected in August 2002. The former finding could be tentatively attributed to the abundance of coarse particles of biological origins, such as pollen; the latter might be due to an increased fraction of anthropogenic secondary particles.

Airborne particulate matter (PM10) in the china clay area, Cornwall, UK

2003 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Parsons ◽  
L. Salter ◽  
T. Coe ◽  
R. Mathias ◽  
R. J. Richards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Airborne Particulate ◽  
Airborne Dust ◽  
China Clay ◽  
Analytical Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dust Sampling ◽  
Microscopy Examination

Work was undertaken in 1997 as part of a UK government programme to monitor air quality in the Cornish china clay area. These studies showed that concentrations of airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM10) did not exceed UK National Air Quality Strategy (NAQS, 1995) guidelines but were, however, greater than those normally associated with rural areas. Subsequently, in the summer of 2000, airborne dust sampling was conducted at three sites around the IMERYS (formerly ECCI) Kernick mica dam, a potential source of resuspended airborne particulates from china clay waste minerals. Analytical scanning electron microscopy examination of the collected material suggested that up to 61% of the airborne PM10 monitored next to the mica dam could be associated with china clay extraction compared with 46% 2 km to the south. Results showed the presence of substantial percentages of respirable kaolinite, muscovite and quartz; the major components of china clay waste. The health effects of the particular mineral dust emissions associated with china clay mining are reviewed.

scholarly journals The Impact of Bushfire Smoke on Cattle—A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Benjamin Eid ◽  
David Beggs ◽  
Peter Mansell
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Airborne Particulate ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Background Mortality ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
The Impact

In 2019–2020, a particularly bad bushfire season in Australia resulted in cattle being exposed to prolonged periods of smoke haze and reduced air quality. Bushfire smoke contains many harmful pollutants, and impacts on regions far from the fire front, with smoke haze persisting for weeks. Particulate matter (PM) is one of the major components of bushfire smoke known to have a negative impact on human health. However, little has been reported about the potential effects that bushfire smoke has on cattle exposed to smoke haze for extended periods. We explored the current literature to investigate evidence for likely effects on cattle from prolonged exposure to smoke generated from bushfires in Australia. We conducted a search for papers related to the impacts of smoke on cattle. Initial searching returned no relevant articles through either CAB Direct or PubMed databases, whilst Google Scholar provided a small number of results. The search was then expanded to look at two sub-questions: the type of pollution that is found in bushfire smoke, and the reported effects of both humans and cattle being exposed to these types of pollutants. The primary mechanism for damage due to bushfire smoke is due to small airborne particulate matter (PM). Although evidence demonstrates that PM from bushfire smoke has a measurable impact on both human mortality and cardiorespiratory morbidities, there is little evidence regarding the impact of chronic bushfire smoke exposure in cattle. We hypothesize that cattle are not severely affected by chronic exposure to smoke haze, as evidenced by the lack of reports. This may be because cattle do not tend to suffer from the co-morbidities that, in the human population, seem to be made worse by smoke and pollution. Further, small changes to background mortality rates or transient morbidity may also go unreported.

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