scholarly journals Joint Attention without Gaze Following: Human Infants and Their Parents Coordinate Visual Attention to Objects through Eye-Hand Coordination

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. e79659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yu ◽  
Linda B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Joint Attention ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Hand Coordination

scholarly journals Adult's Eyes Trigger Shifts of Visual Attention in Human Infants

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce M. Hood ◽  
J. Douglas Willen ◽  
Jon Driver
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Joint Attention ◽  
New Method ◽  
Attention Shift ◽  
Gaze Perception ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
The Face ◽  
Attention Shifts

Two experiments examined whether infants shift their visual attention in the direction toward which an adult's eyes turn. A computerized modification of previous joint-attention paradigms revealed that infants as young as 3 months attend in the same direction as the eyes of a digitized adult face. This attention shift was indicated by the latency and direction of their orienting to peripheral probes presented after the face was extinguished. A second experiment found a similar influence of direction of perceived gaze, but also that less peripheral orienting occurred if the central face remained visible during presentation of the probe. This may explain why attention shifts triggered by gaze perception have been difficult to observe in infants using previous naturalistic procedures. Our new method reveals both that direction of perceived gaze can be discriminated by young infants and that this perception triggers corresponding shifts of their own attention.

scholarly journals Reflexive gaze following in common marmoset monkeys

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Spadacenta ◽  
Peter W. Dicke ◽  
Peter Thier
Keyword(s):  
Joint Attention ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
List Type ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Old World ◽  
Domain Specific

ABSTRACTThe ability to extract the direction of the other’s gaze allows us to shift our attention to an object of interest to the other and to establish joint attention. By mapping one’s own expectations, desires and intentions on the object of joint attention, humans develop a Theory of (the other’s) Mind (TOM), a functional sequence possibly disrupted in autism. Although old world monkeys probably do not possess a TOM, they follow the other’s gaze and they establish joint attention. Gaze following of both humans and old world monkeys fulfills Fodor’s criteria of a domain specific function and is orchestrated by very similar cortical architectures, strongly suggesting homology. Also new world monkeys, a primate suborder that split from the old world monkey line about 35 million years ago, have complex social structures. One member of this group, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), has received increasing interest as a potential model in studies of normal and disturbed human social cognition. Marmosets are known to follow human head-gaze. However, the question is if they use gaze following to establish joint attention with conspecifics. Here we show that this is indeed the case. In a free choice task, head-restrained marmosets prefer objects gazed at by a conspecific and, moreover, they exhibit considerably shorter choice reaction times for the same objects. These findings support the assumption of an evolutionary old domain specific faculty shared within the primate order and they underline the potential value of marmosets in studies of normal and disturbed joint attention.HIGHLIGHTSCommon marmosets follow the head gaze of conspecifics in order to establish joint attention.Brief exposures to head gaze are sufficient to reallocate an animal’s attention.The tendency to follow the other’s gaze competes with the attractional binding of the conspecific’s face

scholarly journals Detecting communicative intent in a computerised test of joint attention

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Caruana ◽  
Genevieve McArthur ◽  
Alexandra Woolgar ◽  
Jon Brock
Keyword(s):  
Joint Attention ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Visual Array ◽  
Gaze Shifts ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
Communicative Intent ◽  
Cognitive Faculties

The successful navigation of social interactions depends on a range of cognitive faculties – including the ability to achieve joint attention with others to share information and experiences. We investigated the influence that intention monitoring processes have on gaze-following response times during joint attention. We employed a virtual reality task in which 16 healthy adults engaged in a collaborative game with a virtual partner to locate a target in a visual array. In the Search task, the virtual partner was programmed to engage in non-communicative gaze shifts in search of the target, establish eye contact, and then display a communicative gaze shift to guide the participant to the target. In the NoSearch task, the virtual partner simply established eye contact and then made a single communicative gaze shift towards the target (i.e., there were no non-communicative gaze shifts in search of the target). Thus, only the Search task required participants to monitor their partner’s communicative intent before responding to joint attention bids. We found that gaze following was significantly slower in the Search task than the NoSearch task. However, the same effect on response times was not observed when participants completed non-social control versions of the Search and NoSearch tasks, in which the avatar’s gaze was replaced by arrow cues. These data demonstrate that the intention monitoring processes involved in differentiating communicative and non-communicative gaze shifts during the Search task had a measureable influence on subsequent joint attention behaviour. The empirical and methodological implications of these findings for the fields of autism and social neuroscience will be discussed.

scholarly journals The impact of joint attention on the sound-induced flash illusions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Battich ◽  
Isabelle Garzorz ◽  
Basil Wahn ◽  
Ophelia Deroy
Keyword(s):  
Joint Attention ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Audiovisual Integration ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Information Encoding ◽  
Single Flash ◽  
The Impact

AbstractHumans coordinate their focus of attention with others, either by gaze following or prior agreement. Though the effects of joint attention on perceptual and cognitive processing tend to be examined in purely visual environments, they should also show in multisensory settings. According to a prevalent hypothesis, joint attention enhances visual information encoding and processing, over and above individual attention. If two individuals jointly attend to the visual components of an audiovisual event, this should affect the weighing of visual information during multisensory integration. We tested this prediction in this preregistered study, using the well-documented sound-induced flash illusions, where the integration of an incongruent number of visual flashes and auditory beeps results in a single flash being seen as two (fission illusion) and two flashes as one (fusion illusion). Participants were asked to count flashes either alone or together, and expected to be less prone to both fission and fusion illusions when they jointly attended to the visual targets. However, illusions were as frequent when people attended to the flashes alone or with someone else, even though they responded faster during joint attention. Our results reveal the limitations of the theory that joint attention enhances visual processing as it does not affect temporal audiovisual integration.

Joint Attention and Cooperation Develop in Chimpanzee and Human Infants

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Bard ◽  
R. Bakeman ◽  
S. T. Boysen ◽  
D. A. Leavens
Keyword(s):  
Joint Attention ◽  
Human Infants

Gaze Following and Pupil Dilation as Objective Measures of Early Diagnosis of Children with ASD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Camero ◽  
Verónica Martínez ◽  
Carlos Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Children With Asd

(1) Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show certain characteristics in visual attention which generate difficulties in the integration of relevant social information to set the basis of communication. Gaze following and pupil dilation could be used to identify signs for the early detection of ASD. Eye-tracking methodology allows objective measurement of these anomalies in visual attention. The aim is to determine whether measurements of gaze following and pupillary dilation in a linguistic interaction task, captured using eye-tracking methodology, are objective for early diagnosis of ASD. (2) Methods: 20 children between 17 and 24 months of age, made up of 10 neurotypical children and 10 children with ASD were paired together according to chronological age. A human face on a monitor pronounced pseudowords associated with pseudo-objects. Gaze following and pupil dilation was registered during the task. (3) Results: Significant statistical differences were found in the time of gaze fixation on the human face and on the object, as well as in the number of gazes. Also, there were significant differences in the maximum peak of pupil dilation, this being found in the neurotypical group at the moment of processing of the pseudoword, and in the ASD group in the baseline prior to the task (4) Conclusions: The registration and the duration of gaze, and the measurement of pupil dilation with ‘eye-tracker’ are objective measures for early detection of ASD.

scholarly journals The Developmental Origins of Gaze‐Following in Human Infants

Infancy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Del Bianco ◽  
Terje Falck‐Ytter ◽  
Emilia Thorup ◽  
Gustaf Gredebäck
Keyword(s):  
Gaze Following ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Human Infants
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