Effect of Environmental Factors on Fusarium Species and Associated Mycotoxins in Maize Grain Grown in Poland

The effect of changes in temperature/water activity ( a w ) on growth, deoxynivalenol (DON) production and trichothecene gene cluster expression (18 genes) for strains of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum was studied. The expression data for six key transcription genes ( TRI4, TRI5 , TRI6, TRI10, TRI12 and TRI13 ) were analysed using multiple regression analyses to model the relationship between these various factors for the first time. Changes in a w and temperature significantly ( p = 0.05) affected growth and DON. Microarray data on expression of these genes were significantly related to DON production for both strains. Multi-regression analysis was done and polynomial models found to best fit the relationship between actual/predicted DON production relative to the expression of these TRI genes and environmental factors. This allowed prediction of the amounts of DON produced in two-dimensional contour maps to relate expression of these genes to either a w or temperature. These results suggest complex interactions between gene expression ( TRI genes), environmental factors and mycotoxin production. This is a powerful tool for understanding the role of these genes in relation to environmental factors and enables more effective targeted control strategies to be developed.

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The impact of environmental factors on the infection of cereals with Fusarium species and mycotoxin production – a review / Vpliv okoljskih dejavnikov na okužbo žit z glivami Fusarium spp. in tvorbo mikotoksinov – pregledni članek

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.2478/acas-2013-0012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 101 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Sasho Popovski ◽

Franci Aco Celar

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Mycotoxin Production ◽

The Impact

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The Influence of Environmental Factors on Cultural Characters of Fusarium Species

Mycologia ◽

10.1080/00275514.1956.12024557 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 459-467 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Anna T. Zachariah ◽

H. N. Hansen ◽

William C. Snyder

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Fusarium Species

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Occurrence of Fusarium spp. in Maize Grain Harvested in Portugal and Accumulation of Related Mycotoxins during Storage

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10020375 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 375

Author(s):

Bruna Carbas ◽

Daniela Simões ◽

Andreia Soares ◽

Andreia Freitas ◽

Bruno Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Continuous Monitoring ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Fumonisin B1 ◽

Fungal Contamination ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Fungal Population ◽

Co2 Levels ◽

Fumonisin B2 ◽

Maize Grain ◽

Tagus Valley

Maize is an important worldwide commodity susceptible to fungal contamination in the field, at harvest, and during storage. This work aimed to determine the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in maize grains produced in the Tagus Valley region of Portugal and the levels of related mycotoxins in the 2018 harvest and during their storage for six months in barrels, mimicking silos conditions. Continuous monitoring of temperature, CO2, and relative humidity levels were done, as well as the concentration of mycotoxins were evaluated and correlated with the presence of Fusarium spp. F. verticillioides was identified as the predominant Fusarium species. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and toxin T2 were not found at harvest and after storage. Maize grains showed some variability in the levels of fumonisins (Fum B1 and Fum B2). At the harvest, fumonisin B1 ranged from 1297 to 2037 µg/kg, and fumonisin B2 ranged from 411 to 618 µg/kg. Fumonisins showed a tendency to increase (20 to 40%) during six months of storage. Although a correlation between the levels of fumonisins and the monitoring parameters was not established, CO2 levels may be used to predict fungal activity during storage. The composition of the fungal population during storage may predict the incidence of mycotoxins.

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Effects of sowing date on emergence and yield of maize inbred lines

Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture ◽

10.5937/jpea24-29656 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (3-4) ◽

pp. 105-107

Author(s):

Marijenka Tabaković ◽

Milena Simić ◽

Vesna Dragičević ◽

Violeta Oro ◽

Milan Brankov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Inbred Lines ◽

Maize Grain Yield ◽

Maize Inbred Lines ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Production Technologies ◽

Maize Grain

The paper presents the seed production technologies of maize sown on three different sowing dates. Seeds of three maize inbred lines (L1, L2, L3) were used as a seed material in the location of Zemun Polje in 2018. The objectives of the present study was to determine the importance of different sowing dates as a method to overcome stressful conditions caused by unfavourable environmental factors, as well as to point out to a significance of the seed size in sowing. Effects of the following factors were observed in relation to emergence and the maize grain yield: sowing date (SD), seed fraction (LF, SF and PF) and genotype (L). The gained results indicate that the lowest percentage of emergence was determined in the variant L2/SD2/SF (34%), while the highest grain yield was determined in the variant L3/SD1/ PF 8.86 t/ha. The standard deviation of the yield is the largest for variants with the highest yield.

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Fungal contamination of maize grain samples with a special focus on toxigenic genera

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah1702233k ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 233-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vesna Krnjaja ◽

Aleksandar Stanojkovic ◽

Slavica Stankovic ◽

Milos Lukic ◽

Zorica Bijelic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Preventive Measure ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Special Focus ◽

Continuous Control ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Toxigenic Fungi ◽

Maize Grain

In this study, the total fungal count and contamination with toxigenic fungi from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera of 127 maize grain samples collected from animal farms in subrbs of Belgrade area during 2012-2015, were determined. The total fungal count was determined using a dilution method, and standard mycological procedures were used to identify potential toxigenic fungi genera. In the tested samples of maize grains, the total fungal count was from 1 x 101 to 3 x 106 cfu g-1. No statistically significant differences between investigated years in regard to the mean total fungal count were determined. According to the Regulation on the quality of animal feed of the Republic of Serbia, the total fungal count above permitted limit (2 x 105 cfu g-1) was established in 9.52, 7.89, 20.69 and 55.56% tested samples in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Potentially toxigenic fungi from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillim genera have been identified as the most common in all the samples. In most of the samples, based on the average value for the four-year period (2012-2015), Fusarium species (92.22%) have been identified, followed by the species of the genera Aspergillus (80.83%) and Penicillium (48.68%). A weak positive correlation was established between the moisture content of the samples and the total fungal count in 2012 (r=0.41), in 2013 (r=0.27) and in 2014 (r=0.36) and the medium positive correlation (r=0.61) in 2015. Based on the results of mycological analysis of grain maize it can be concluded that the test samples in a relatively large number did not meet the criteria of hygienic quality. Therefore, regular and continuous control of the mycological quality of maize grain as the most important nutrient in animal nutrition is necessary as a preventive measure to reduce and control contamination of grain with mycotoxigenic fungi.

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Fast Deoxynivalenol Determination in Cereals Using a White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy Immunosensor

Biosensors ◽

10.3390/bios10110154 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 154

Author(s):

Vasileios Anastasiadis ◽

Ioannis Raptis ◽

Anastasios Economou ◽

Sotirios Kakabakos ◽

Panagiota Petrou

Keyword(s):

White Light ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Label Free ◽

Light Reflectance ◽

Optical Immunosensor ◽

Maize Grain ◽

Maximum Allowable Concentrations

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by certain Fusarium species and found in a high percentage of wheat and maize grains cultured worldwide. Although not so toxic as other mycotoxins, it exhibits both chronic and acute toxicity, and therefore methods for its fast and accurate on-site determination are highly desirable. In the current work, we employ an optical immunosensor based on White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy (WLRS) for the fast and sensitive immunochemical label-free determination of DON in wheat and maize samples. The assay is completed in 12 min and has a quantification limit of 2.5 ng/mL in buffer corresponding to 125 μg/kg in whole grain which is lower than the maximum allowable concentrations set by the regulatory authorities for grains intended for human consumption. Several extraction protocols have been compared, and the highest recovery (>90%) was achieved employing distilled water. In addition, identical calibration curves were received in buffer and wheat/maize extraction matrix providing the ability to analyze the grain samples using calibrators in buffer. Recoveries of DON from spiked wheat and maize grain samples ranged from 92.0(±4.0) to 105(±4.0)%. The analytical performance of the WLRS immunosensor, combined with the short analysis time and instrument portability, supports its potential for on-site determinations.

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Dynamics of incidence and frequency of populations of Fusarium species on stored maize grain

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah0701589k ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 23 (5-6-1) ◽

pp. 589-600 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

V. Krnjaja ◽

J. Levic ◽

Z. Tomic ◽

Z. Nesic ◽

Lj. Stojanovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Species ◽

Winter Period ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Toxic Compounds ◽

Livestock Feed ◽

Maize Grain ◽

Main Component ◽

Penicillium Spp ◽

Grown Plant

Production and providing of high quality maize grain are of primary importance for livestock production since maize is the main component of livestock feed. Contamination with fungi not only diminishes the quality of grain, but some fungi species can produce highly toxic compounds known as mycotoxins. Considering that maize is economically the most important grown plant in Serbia, content and intensity of frequency of these pathogen fungi species are investigated in maize stored in the storage facilities. Based on studies of the fungi incidence in stored maize intended for nutrition of livestock, it was established that during the period from February 2005 to March 2006, some fungi species were present successively (Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp.), other with interruptions of one (Nigrospora spp., Aspergillus spp., Acremonium spp., Alternaria spp), three (Mucor spp., Chaetomium spp., Rhizopus spp.) to four months (Cladosporium spp.), and also sporadically during three (Epicoccum spp., Rhizopus spp., Trichothecium spp.), two (Gliocladium spp.) or one month (Papulaspora spp., Phialophora spp.). Period June-October is the most critical for preservation of the quality of stored maize since the number of fungi species present (8?14 of total of 17 identified fungi genera) and their frequency during this period are the highest, especially of toxigenic species of Fusarium (43.5?62.5%) and Penicillium (10.0?33.5%) genera. Positive correlation (r = 0.5979**) between dynamics of incidence and frequency of isolated fungi species indicates that fungi with higher frequency of incidence remain longer on the grain during storage. F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans, of total of 6 identified Fusarium species were present on the grain during entire year and with the highest frequency (24.7% and 5.9%, respectively). During single year (2005) F. verticillioides was present in the highest percentage from February to October (22.0?39.5%), and F. subglutinans from April to October (8.0?12.5%), whereas the both species were isolated the least during winter period December-January (4.0?8.0% and 0.5?1.0%, respectively). F. graminearaum is the third toxigenic Fusarium species which from the mycotoxicological aspect can be important for period June-September when it is mostly present (5.0?11.0%). Incidence of other Fusarium species is sporadic (1.3% F. proliferatum, 1.0% F. sambucinum and 0.5% F. poae).

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