scholarly journals Dynamics of incidence and frequency of populations of Fusarium species on stored maize grain

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-1) ◽  
pp. 589-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
J. Levic ◽  
Z. Tomic ◽  
Z. Nesic ◽  
Lj. Stojanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Grown Plant

Production and providing of high quality maize grain are of primary importance for livestock production since maize is the main component of livestock feed. Contamination with fungi not only diminishes the quality of grain, but some fungi species can produce highly toxic compounds known as mycotoxins. Considering that maize is economically the most important grown plant in Serbia, content and intensity of frequency of these pathogen fungi species are investigated in maize stored in the storage facilities. Based on studies of the fungi incidence in stored maize intended for nutrition of livestock, it was established that during the period from February 2005 to March 2006, some fungi species were present successively (Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp.), other with interruptions of one (Nigrospora spp., Aspergillus spp., Acremonium spp., Alternaria spp), three (Mucor spp., Chaetomium spp., Rhizopus spp.) to four months (Cladosporium spp.), and also sporadically during three (Epicoccum spp., Rhizopus spp., Trichothecium spp.), two (Gliocladium spp.) or one month (Papulaspora spp., Phialophora spp.). Period June-October is the most critical for preservation of the quality of stored maize since the number of fungi species present (8?14 of total of 17 identified fungi genera) and their frequency during this period are the highest, especially of toxigenic species of Fusarium (43.5?62.5%) and Penicillium (10.0?33.5%) genera. Positive correlation (r = 0.5979**) between dynamics of incidence and frequency of isolated fungi species indicates that fungi with higher frequency of incidence remain longer on the grain during storage. F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans, of total of 6 identified Fusarium species were present on the grain during entire year and with the highest frequency (24.7% and 5.9%, respectively). During single year (2005) F. verticillioides was present in the highest percentage from February to October (22.0?39.5%), and F. subglutinans from April to October (8.0?12.5%), whereas the both species were isolated the least during winter period December-January (4.0?8.0% and 0.5?1.0%, respectively). F. graminearaum is the third toxigenic Fusarium species which from the mycotoxicological aspect can be important for period June-September when it is mostly present (5.0?11.0%). Incidence of other Fusarium species is sporadic (1.3% F. proliferatum, 1.0% F. sambucinum and 0.5% F. poae).

scholarly journals Occurrence of Fusarium spp. in Maize Grain Harvested in Portugal and Accumulation of Related Mycotoxins during Storage

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Bruna Carbas ◽  
Daniela Simões ◽  
Andreia Soares ◽  
Andreia Freitas ◽  
Bruno Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Fungal Population ◽  
Co2 Levels ◽  
Fumonisin B2 ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Tagus Valley

Maize is an important worldwide commodity susceptible to fungal contamination in the field, at harvest, and during storage. This work aimed to determine the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in maize grains produced in the Tagus Valley region of Portugal and the levels of related mycotoxins in the 2018 harvest and during their storage for six months in barrels, mimicking silos conditions. Continuous monitoring of temperature, CO2, and relative humidity levels were done, as well as the concentration of mycotoxins were evaluated and correlated with the presence of Fusarium spp. F. verticillioides was identified as the predominant Fusarium species. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and toxin T2 were not found at harvest and after storage. Maize grains showed some variability in the levels of fumonisins (Fum B1 and Fum B2). At the harvest, fumonisin B1 ranged from 1297 to 2037 µg/kg, and fumonisin B2 ranged from 411 to 618 µg/kg. Fumonisins showed a tendency to increase (20 to 40%) during six months of storage. Although a correlation between the levels of fumonisins and the monitoring parameters was not established, CO2 levels may be used to predict fungal activity during storage. The composition of the fungal population during storage may predict the incidence of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Survey of quality of swine feed mixes

2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Masic ◽  
Dobrila Jakic-Dimic ◽  
Vidica Stanacev ◽  
Zlatan Sinovec
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Copper Manganese ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Swine Feed ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Penicillium Spp

The paper presents the results of analyses of the chemical composition of 455 samples, microbiological analysis of 412 samples, and mucotoxicological analyses of 212 samples of feed mixes for different categories of swine which arrived for control at authorized laboratories from the territory of the Republic of Serbia during the period from 2000 until 2001. The analyses of 455 swine feed mix samples showed that as many as 185 feed mixes do not meet the quality condition on protein content envisaged by legal regulations, and the highest discrepancy was determined in feed mixes for piglets. Analyses of Ca, P and NaCl contents showed that the mixes in a large number of cases contain insufficient quantities, and in a considerable number even quantities which are not permitted. Analyses of the contents of certain microelements showed that mixes contain insufficient quantities in a large number of cases, especially of copper, manganese and zinc. The number of saprophytic bacteria greatly varied depending on the type of feed mix but all examined samples contained a permitted number of saprophytic bacteria. These analyses most often isolated Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., coliform bacteries, and Micrococcus spp.. Most examined samples contained a permitted number of clostridia, and a smaller number of samples mostly for piglets, showed an impermissible number of clostridia. The quantity of mold fungi in mixes was significantly higher in mixes for young animals, and the determination of fungi most frequently resulted in the isolation of Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Mucor spp.. The mucotoxin analysis of 212 feed mixes showed that only 30.2% were within permitted levels, and the differences between the mixes for young and adult animals were not significant. The mucotoxins most often present were zearalenon and ochratoxin, and all mixes in which aflatoxin and trychotecenes were identified contained these toxins in quantities above permitted levels.

scholarly journals Fungal contamination of maize grain samples with a special focus on toxigenic genera

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Aleksandar Stanojkovic ◽  
Slavica Stankovic ◽  
Milos Lukic ◽  
Zorica Bijelic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Continuous Control ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Maize Grain

In this study, the total fungal count and contamination with toxigenic fungi from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera of 127 maize grain samples collected from animal farms in subrbs of Belgrade area during 2012-2015, were determined. The total fungal count was determined using a dilution method, and standard mycological procedures were used to identify potential toxigenic fungi genera. In the tested samples of maize grains, the total fungal count was from 1 x 101 to 3 x 106 cfu g-1. No statistically significant differences between investigated years in regard to the mean total fungal count were determined. According to the Regulation on the quality of animal feed of the Republic of Serbia, the total fungal count above permitted limit (2 x 105 cfu g-1) was established in 9.52, 7.89, 20.69 and 55.56% tested samples in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Potentially toxigenic fungi from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillim genera have been identified as the most common in all the samples. In most of the samples, based on the average value for the four-year period (2012-2015), Fusarium species (92.22%) have been identified, followed by the species of the genera Aspergillus (80.83%) and Penicillium (48.68%). A weak positive correlation was established between the moisture content of the samples and the total fungal count in 2012 (r=0.41), in 2013 (r=0.27) and in 2014 (r=0.36) and the medium positive correlation (r=0.61) in 2015. Based on the results of mycological analysis of grain maize it can be concluded that the test samples in a relatively large number did not meet the criteria of hygienic quality. Therefore, regular and continuous control of the mycological quality of maize grain as the most important nutrient in animal nutrition is necessary as a preventive measure to reduce and control contamination of grain with mycotoxigenic fungi.

scholarly journals Ubiquity of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in animal feeds in Republic of Serbia

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (5-6-1) ◽  
pp. 477-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
J. Levic ◽  
S. Stankovic
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Animal Feeds ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Climatic conditions and growing of grain on large areas in Republic of Serbia are suitable for development of numerous toxigenic species, such as Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp., and resulting from this is frequent incidence of animal feed contamination by their toxic products. In Republic of Serbia, the most frequent fungi determined in animal feed are those from Fusarium genus, as well as their mycotoxins. Of Fusarium species the most frequent one is F. graminearum, and of toxins zearalenon, in maize or wheat grains, which are the main raw material in production of animal feeds. Development of this fungi and bio-synthesis of zearalenon most often depend on period of rains in the third decade of May when wheat is in the blossoming phenostage or on ample precipitation and low temperatures at the end of summer or beginning of autumn during sensitive pheno-stage of maize growing. Aflatoxins are rarely isolated in Republic of Serbia, but there are conditions for their increased presence in imported feed components. Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A is more frequent than incidence of aflatoxins in climatic conditions of Republic of Serbia. Presence of mycotoxins produced by species of genera Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium indicates potential risk of incidence of mycotoxicosis, especially in younger animal categories. For the purpose of protection of health of animals, realization of profit and high productivity in livestock production, it is necessary to explain factors which can cause animal intoxication, and to identify toxins and develop methodology for assessment of the potential toxicity of animal feed.

scholarly journals Microbiological Quality of Various Medicinal Herbal Teas and Coffee Substitutes

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. MBI.S943 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.H. Tournas ◽  
E.J. Katsoudas
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Herbal Tea ◽  
Mesophilic Bacteria ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Various herbal teas including German chamomile, Chrysanthemum Vascuflow herb tea, hop, jasmine and orange flowers, sweet marjoram, spearmint and thyme leaves, and papaya-mint tea as well as coffee substitutes (Bambu instant Swiss, Teeccino chocolate-mint, and Teeccino Mediterranean Espresso) were analyzed for fungal contamination and the presence of aerobic mesophilic bacteria (APC). The results of this investigation showed that fungal counts reached levels as high as 5.8 × 105 colony forming units (cfu) per gram. German chamomile harbored the highest fungal contamination. The most common fungi found in herbal teas were Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Eurotium rubrum, E. chevalieri, A. flavus, Fusarium spp., Alternaria alternata, and yeasts. Among the coffee substitutes, only the chocolate-mint coffee was contaminated with low numbers (<1.0 × 103 cfu g-1) of E. rubrum, Ulocladium spp. and Phoma spp., and with yeasts (< 100–6.8 × 103 cfu g-1). Aerobic mesophilic bacteria were recovered from 100% of the herbal tea, chocolate-mint and Mediterranean Espresso, and from 50% of the Bambu instant Swiss coffee samples. The highest APC counts of 1.2 × 107 cfu g-1 were observed in spearmint leaves.

Mycobiota of hay from natural haylands in Central Yakutia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Былгаева
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Основными вредными контаминантами пищевых продуктов для населения в числе прочих являются микотоксины. Их зачастую обнаруживают в продуктах растениеводства, а также в растительных кормах для животноводства. Одним из критических свойств микотоксинов является их кумуляция в организме животных. Таким образом микотоксины через молоко и мясо могут попасть на стол потребителя продукции животноводства. В комплексе профилактических мер при микотоксикозах первой задачей является выявление и идентификация их продуцентов — микроскопических грибов. Знание вида токсинообразующего гриба позволяет определить возможный круг токсичных метаболитов, что необходимо для выбора диагностических тест-систем и отдельных элементов комплекса ветеринарных мероприятий. Объектами исследования, проведённого в 2018 году, стали микроскопические грибы, выделенные из проб сена естественных сенокосов. Пробы сена отобраны в животноводческих хозяйствах Центрального региона Якутии. При изучении микофлоры сена для продуктивного скота выделены микроскопические грибы, относящиеся к двум отделам: Ascomycota и Zygomycota. Частота встречаемости микомицетов из рода Aspergillus составляет осенью 36,4%, зимой — 26,3%, весной — 34,8%; Mucor: осенью — 18,2%, зимой — 26,3%, весной — 26,1%; Fusarium: осенью — 27,3%, зимой — 15,8%, весной — 13,0%; Penicillium: осенью — не выявлен, зимой — 15,8%, весной — 13,0%. Доминируют микомицеты из родов Aspergillus, Mucor, Fusarium и Penicillium. Данные виды грибов способны выделять токсины, которые в малых количествах негативно действуют на продуктивные качества животных, снижают иммуногенность организма, повышают восприимчивость к различным заболеваниям, нарушают репродуктивно-воспроизводительную функцию. Микроскопические грибы продуцируют токсины в ответ на воздействие различных неблагоприятных факторов. В условиях Якутии такими стрессовыми факторами являются климатические особенности республики: короткое и жаркое лето, зима длится примерно 9 месяцев, годовая амплитуда перепада температур составляет 102,7°C. Таким образом, проблема загрязнения кормов для животных токсичными метаболитами грибов в условиях Якутии является актуальной для животноводства. Mycotoxins are one of the most dangerous food contaminants. They are often accumulated in plant products and fodder. Mycotoxins remaining in livestock organisms can affect humans through milk and meat products. To prevent mycotoxicoses it is crucial to identify mycotoxin-producing strains of fungi. Such an information gives an opportunity to characterize the number of toxic metabolites and develop test-systems as well as other preventive measures. Hay samples were taken from livestock farms located in the Central region of Yakutia in 2018. Hay mycoflora contained Ascomycota and Zygomycota. Proportion of Aspergillus spp. amounted to 36.4% in autumn, 26.3% — in winter, and 34.8% — in spring; Mucor spp. — 18.2, 26.3, 26.1%; Fusarium spp. — 27.3, 15.8, 13.0%; Penicillium spp. — 0, 15.8 and 13.0%, respectively. Aspergillus, Mucor, Fusarium and Penicillium spp. were predominant. These species produce toxins that have significant negative impact on livestock organism even in small concentrations, targeting animal immunity and reproductive system. Fungi synthesize toxins as a response to unfavorable conditions. In Yakutia, such stress-factors are short and hot summer, long winter period (9 month), and annual temperature fluctuations. Therefore, forage contamination with mycotoxins in this region requires considerable attention.

scholarly journals Appearance and frequency of fungi on alfalfa seed in Serbia

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1579-1584
Author(s):  
T. Vasic ◽  
S. Andjelkovic ◽  
S. Zivkovic ◽  
B. Andjelkovic ◽  
D. Terzic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Danube Region ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Alfalfa is one of the most significant forage crops in Serbia, and is known colloquially as ?the queen of forage crops? due its significant role in livestock nutrition. Production of high quality forage and seed is of high importance for animal husbandry in Serbia. Fungi infections decrease seed quality which has influence on yield and quality of forage and on period of alfalfa utilization. Samples of alfalfa seed from Middle Banat, Danube region, Nis and Sumadija area were examined. Samples were taken from two alfalfa cultivars K-22 and K-28. Based on the examinations of appearance of fungi on the alfalfa seed, following fungi were determined: Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Stemphylium spp., Epiccocum spp., Nigrospora spp., Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. Primary species were from genera Fusarium and Alternaria, and other species were represented in different percentages.

scholarly journals Effect of seed washing either alone or in combination with garlic extract and Knowin 50WP on quality of jute seeds

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-323
Author(s):  
MS Islam ◽  
MS Monjil
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Fungal Population ◽  
Botryodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Vigor Index ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Efficacy of seed washing, garlic extract, prewashed seeds treated with garlic extract, Knowin 50 WP (Carbendazim) and prewashed seeds treated with Knowin 50WP were evaluated on seed borne fungi of jute seeds. Nine seed borne fungi were detected on both deshi and tossa jute seed samples collected from sadar upazilla of Barisal district viz., Macrophomina phaseolina, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium spp, Colletotrichum corchori, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium spp. and Alternaria spp.. Physical seed washing and garlic extract were found effective against seed borne diseases of jute which significantly decrease the association of seed borne fungi from jute seeds. Prewashed seeds treated with garlic extract showed highest germination and highest reduction of seed borne mycoflora from desi and tossa jute seeds. Knowin 50WP or prewashed seeds treated with Knowin 50WP were found effective to reduce seed borne fungi from jute seeds. Highest vigor index was obtained in jute seedlings raised from prewashed seeds treated with Garlic or Knowin 50WP. Thus, prewashed seeds treated with Garlic or Knowin 50WP resulting significant reduction of seed-borne fungal population and enhancing seeding vigor.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2016, 2(2): 318-323

scholarly journals Correlation of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone production by Fusarium species originating from wheat and maize grain

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Tancic ◽  
Slavica Stankovic ◽  
Jelena Levic ◽  
Vesna Krnjaja
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Intraspecies Variability ◽  
Maize Grain

A total of 39 Fusarium graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. semitectum and F. equiseti isolates, originating from wheat and maize samples collected at 10 locations in Serbia, were analyzed by ELISA method for their potential of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) production under optimal laboratory conditions. Fusarium graminearum isolates with the highest intraspecies variability were the best producers of both deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. In contrast, F. equiseti isolates were the weakest producers of these two toxins. Considering the plant origin of the isolates, wheat-originating F. sporotrichioides isolates were better deoxynivalenol producers, while the maize-originating isolates produced more zearalenone. There was no clear difference in ZEA production between wheat- and maizeoriginating isolates of F. graminearum, while higher average DON concentrations were produced by F. graminearum wheat-originating isolates. Negative correlation was detected between the production of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone by various Fusarium spp.

scholarly journals The presence of toxigenic Fusarium species and Fusariotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in winter wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
S. Stankovic ◽  
J. Levic
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Insignificant Correlation ◽  
Isolated Species

The frequency of fungi and mycotoxin concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) were studied in winter wheat grains harvested in 2009. The most frequently isolated species belonged to genera Alternaria (81.55%) and Fusarium (12%), followed by Rhizopus spp. (3.75%), Acremoniella spp. (1.15%) and other fungi (Acremonium spp., Arthrinium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Chaetomium spp., Nigrospora spp., Penicillium spp. and Ramichloridium spp.) isolated in less than 1%. The following species of the genus Fusarium were identified: F. graminearum (82.50%), F. sporotrichioides (5.42%), F. proliferatum (4.17%), F. subglutinans (4.17%), F. poae (1.66%), F. semitectum (1.25%), and F. verticillioides (0.83%). In 100% of wheat grain samples DON was detected (110-1200 ?g kg-1, average 490 ?g kg-1), while ZON was detected in 10% of samples and in the lower average of 70 ?g kg-1 with the limit values ranging from 60 to 80 ?g kg-1. Statistically significant positive correlations were established between the concentration of ZON with the frequency of F. graminearum (r = 0.63) or with the frequency of Fusarium spp. (r = 0.58). A negative insignificant correlation was determined between the DON level and the percentage of present Fusarium species.

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