scholarly journals Short Interspersed Nuclear Element (SINE) Sequences in the Genome of the Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Af293

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. e0163215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakkhana Kanhayuwa ◽  
Robert H. A. Coutts
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Human Pathogenic Fungus

scholarly journals The Putative APSES Transcription Factor RgdA Governs Growth, Development, Toxigenesis, and Virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Cheol Jun ◽  
Yong-Ho Choi ◽  
Min-Woo Lee ◽  
Jae-Hyuk Yu ◽  
Kwang-Soo Shin
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Asexual Sporulation ◽  
Human Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Growth Development

ABSTRACT The APSES transcription factor (TF) in Aspergillus species is known to govern diverse cellular processes, including growth, development, and secondary metabolism. Here, we investigated functions of the rgdA gene (Afu3g13920) encoding a putative APSES TF in the opportunistic human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The rgdA deletion resulted in significantly decreased hyphal growth and asexual sporulation. Consistently, transcript levels of the key asexual developmental regulators abaA, brlA, and wetA were decreased in the ΔrgdA mutant compared to those in the wild type (WT). Moreover, ΔrgdA resulted in reduced spore germination rates and elevated transcript levels of genes associated with conidium dormancy. The conidial cell wall hydrophobicity and architecture were changed, and levels of the RodA protein were decreased in the ΔrgdA mutant. Comparative transcriptomic analyses revealed that the ΔrgdA mutant showed higher mRNA levels of gliotoxin (GT)-biosynthetic genes and GT production. While the ΔrgdA mutant exhibited elevated production of GT, ΔrgdA strains showed reduced virulence in the mouse model. In addition, mRNA levels of genes associated with the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway and the SakA mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway were increased in the ΔrgdA mutant. In summary, RgdA plays multiple roles in governing growth, development, GT production, and virulence which may involve attenuation of PKA and SakA signaling. IMPORTANCE Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to infections with the opportunistic human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. This fungus causes systemic infections such as invasive aspergillosis (IA), which is one of the most life-threatening fungal diseases. To control this serious disease, it is critical to identify new antifungal drug targets. In fungi, the transcriptional regulatory proteins of the APSES family play crucial roles in controlling various biological processes, including mating, asexual sporulation and dimorphic growth, and virulence traits. This study found that a putative APSES transcription factor, RgdA, regulates normal growth, asexual development, conidium germination, spore wall architecture and hydrophobicity, toxin production, and virulence in A. fumigatus. Better understanding the molecular mechanisms of RgdA in human-pathogenic fungi may reveal a novel antifungal target for future drug development.

scholarly journals The Opportunistic Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Evades the Host Complement System

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 820-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Behnsen ◽  
Andrea Hartmann ◽  
Jeannette Schmaler ◽  
Alexander Gehrke ◽  
Axel A. Brakhage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Factor H ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Human Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Complement Regulators

ABSTRACT The opportunistic human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus causes severe systemic infections and is a major cause of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. A. fumigatus conidia activate the alternative pathway of the complement system. In order to assess the mechanisms by which A. fumigatus evades the activated complement system, we analyzed the binding of host complement regulators to A. fumigatus. The binding of factor H and factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1) from human sera to A. fumigatus conidia was shown by adsorption assays and immunostaining. In addition, factor H-related protein 1 (FHR-1) bound to conidia. Adsorption assays with recombinant factor H mutants were used to localize the binding domains. One binding region was identified within N-terminal short consensus repeats (SCRs) 1 to 7 and a second one within C-terminal SCR 20. Plasminogen was identified as the fourth host regulatory molecule that binds to A. fumigatus conidia. In contrast to conidia, other developmental stages of A. fumigatus, like swollen conidia or hyphae, did not bind to factor H, FHR-1, FHL-1, and plasminogen, thus indicating the developmentally regulated expression of A. fumigatus surface ligands. Both factor H and plasminogen maintained regulating activity when they were bound to the conidial surface. Bound factor H acted as a cofactor to the factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b. Plasminogen showed proteolytic activity when activated to plasmin by urokinase-type plasminogen activator. These data show that A. fumigatus conidia bind to complement regulators, and these bound host regulators may contribute to evasion of a host complement attack.

scholarly journals Inducible Cell Fusion Permits Use of Competitive Fitness Profiling in the Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darel Macdonald ◽  
Darren D. Thomson ◽  
Anna Johns ◽  
Adriana Contreras Valenzuela ◽  
Jane M. Gilsenan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Brefeldin A ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Competitive Fitness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genetic Profiling ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
Human Pathogenic Fungus

ABSTRACT Antifungal agents directed against novel therapeutic targets are required for treating invasive, chronic, and allergic Aspergillus infections. Competitive fitness profiling technologies have been used in a number of bacterial and yeast systems to identify druggable targets; however, the development of similar systems in filamentous fungi is complicated by the fact that they undergo cell fusion and heterokaryosis. Here, we demonstrate that cell fusion in Aspergillus fumigatus under standard culture conditions is not predominately constitutive, as with most ascomycetes, but can be induced by a range of extracellular stressors. Using this knowledge, we have developed a barcode-free genetic profiling system that permits high-throughput parallel determination of strain fitness in a collection of diploid A. fumigatus mutants. We show that heterozygous cyp51A and arf2 null mutants have reduced fitness in the presence of itraconazole and brefeldin A, respectively, and a heterozygous atp17 null mutant is resistant to brefeldin A.

scholarly journals Fluorescence Polarization Binding Assay for Aspergillus fumigatus Virulence Factor UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Qi ◽  
Michelle Oppenheimer ◽  
Pablo Sobrado
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Fluorescence Polarization ◽  
Binding Assay ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Affinity Binding ◽  
Good Tolerance ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Human Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Lung Infections

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human pathogenic fungus responsible for deadly lung infections in immunocompromised individuals. Galactofuranose (Galf) residues are essential components of the cell wall and play an important role in A. fumigatus virulence. The flavoenzyme UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) catalyzes the isomerization of UDP-galactopyranose to UDP-galactofuranose, the biosynthetic precursor of Galf. Thus, inhibitors of UGM that block the biosynthesis of Galf can lead to novel chemotherapeutics for treating A. fumigatus-related diseases. Here, we describe the synthesis of fluorescently labeled UDP analogs and the development of a fluorescence polarization (FP) binding assay for A. fumigatus UGM (AfUGM). High-affinity binding to AfUGM was only obtained with the chromophore TAMRA, linked to UDP by either 2 or 6 carbons with Kd values of 2.6 ± 0.2 μM and 3.0 ± 0.7 μM, respectively. These values were ~6 times lower than when UDP was linked to fluorescein. The FP assay was validated against several known ligands and displayed an excellent Z′ factor (0.79 ± 0.02) and good tolerance to dimethyl sulfoxide.

Identification of the antiphagocytic trypacidin gene cluster in the human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus

2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (23) ◽  
pp. 10151-10161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek J. Mattern ◽  
Hanno Schoeler ◽  
Jakob Weber ◽  
Silvia Novohradská ◽  
Kaswara Kraibooj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Human Pathogenic Fungus

scholarly journals Conidial Melanin of the Human-Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Disrupts Cell Autonomous Defenses in Amoebae

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iuliia Ferling ◽  
Joe Dan Dunn ◽  
Alexander Ferling ◽  
Thierry Soldati ◽  
Falk Hillmann
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Dictyostelium Discoideum ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Membrane Repair ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Pathogenic Fungus

ABSTRACT The human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous saprophyte that causes fatal lung infections in immunocompromised individuals. Following inhalation, conidia are ingested by innate immune cells and can arrest phagolysosome maturation. How this virulence trait could have been selected for in natural environments is unknown. Here, we found that surface exposure of the green pigment 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-(DHN)-melanin can protect conidia from phagocytic uptake and intracellular killing by the fungivorous amoeba Protostelium aurantium and delays its exocytosis from the nonfungivorous species Dictyostelium discoideum. To elucidate the antiphagocytic properties of the surface pigment, we followed the antagonistic interactions of A. fumigatus conidia with the amoebae in real time. For both amoebae, conidia covered with DHN-melanin were internalized at far lower rates than were seen with conidia lacking the pigment, despite high rates of initial attachment to nonkilling D. discoideum. When ingested by D. discoideum, the formation of nascent phagosomes was followed by transient acidification of phagolysosomes, their subsequent neutralization, and, finally, exocytosis of the conidia. While the cycle was completed in less than 1 h for unpigmented conidia, the process was significantly prolonged for conidia covered with DHN-melanin, leading to an extended intracellular residence time. At later stages of this cellular infection, pigmented conidia induced enhanced damage to phagolysosomes and infected amoebae failed to recruit the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) membrane repair machinery or the canonical autophagy pathway to defend against the pathogen, thus promoting prolonged intracellular persistence in the host cell and the establishment of a germination niche in this environmental phagocyte. IMPORTANCE Infections with Aspergillus fumigatus are usually acquired by an inhalation of spores from environmental sources. How spores of a saprophytic fungus have acquired abilities to withstand and escape the phagocytic attacks of innate immune cells is not understood. The fungal surface pigment dihydroxynaphtalene-melanin has been shown to be a crucial factor for the delay in phagosome maturation. Here, we show that this pigment also has a protective function against environmental phagocytes. Pigmented conidia escaped uptake and killing by the fungus-eating amoeba Protostelium aurantium. When ingested by the nonfungivorous phagocyte Dictyostelium discoideum, the pigment attenuated the launch of cell autonomous defenses against the fungal invader, such as membrane repair and autophagy, leading to prolonged intracellular retention. Membrane damage and cytoplasmic leakage may result in an influx of nutrients and thus may further promote intracellular germination of the fungus, indicating that A. fumigatus has acquired some of the basic properties of intracellular pathogens.

scholarly journals Gene silencing with RNA interference in the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus

2004 ◽  
Vol 237 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Mouyna ◽  
Christine Henry ◽  
Tamara L. Doering ◽  
Jean-Paul Latgé
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Human Pathogenic Fungus

scholarly journals The Peroxiredoxin Asp f3 Acts as Redox Sensor in Aspergillus fumigatus

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 668
Author(s):  
Jana Marie Boysen ◽  
Nauman Saeed ◽  
Thomas Wolf ◽  
Gianni Panagiotou ◽  
Falk Hillmann
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Minimal Growth ◽  
Biosynthesis Gene Cluster ◽  
Redox Sensor ◽  
Human Pathogenic Fungus

The human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is readily eradicated by the innate immunity of immunocompetent human hosts, but can cause severe infections, such as invasive aspergillosis (IA), in immunocompromised individuals. During infection, the fungal redox homeostasis can be challenged by reactive oxygen species (ROS), either derived from the oxidative burst of innate immune cells or the action of antifungal drugs. The peroxiredoxin Asp f3 was found to be essential to cause IA in mice, but how Asp f3 integrates with fungal redox homeostasis remains unknown. Here, we show that in vivo, Asp f3 acts as a sensor for ROS. While global transcription in fungal hyphae under minimal growth conditions was fully independent of Asp f3, a robust induction of the oxidative stress response required the presence of the peroxiredoxin. Hyphae devoid of Asp f3 failed to activate several redox active genes, like members of the gliotoxin biosynthesis gene cluster and integral members of the Afyap1 regulon, the central activator of the ROS defense machinery in fungi. Upon deletion of the asp f3 gene Afyap1 displayed significantly reduced nuclear localization during ROS exposure, indicating that Asp f3 can act as an intracellular redox sensor for several target proteins.

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