scholarly journals The health-economy trade-off during the Covid-19 pandemic: Communication matters

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256103
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Carrieri ◽  
Maria De Paola ◽  
Francesca Gioia
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
General Health ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Health Dimension ◽  
Economics Students ◽  
Large Heterogeneity ◽  
Protective Strategies

How do people balance concerns for general health and economic outcomes during a pandemic? And, how does the communication of this trade-off affect individual preferences? We address these questions using a field experiment involving around 2000 students enrolled in a large university in Italy. We design four treatments where the trade-off is communicated using different combinations of a positive framing that focuses on protective strategies and a negative framing which refers to potential costs. We find that positive framing on the health side induces students to give greater relevance to the health dimension. The effect is sizeable and highly effective among many different audiences, especially females. Importantly, this triggers a higher level of intention to adhere to social distancing and precautionary behaviors. Moreover, irrespective of the framing, we find a large heterogeneity in students’ preferences over the trade-off. Economics students and students who have directly experienced the economic impact of the pandemic are found to give greater value to economic outcomes.

scholarly journals A multi-dimensional perspective on the gender gap in health among older adults in India and China: application of a new ageing measure

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Arun Balachandran ◽  
K. S. James
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
General Health ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Health Dimension ◽  
India And China

Abstract A continuous rise of female life expectancy above that of males among older adults in India and China may give the impression that the relative gender gap in health in these countries is decreasing. However, given the systemic gender bias against older females in these countries across multiple dimensions of health, a fuller understanding of the gender gap in health calls for a multi-dimensional perspective. We estimate a multi-dimensional old-age threshold (MOAT) that specifies different old-age thresholds for female and male populations which accommodates multiple dimensions related to physical, intellectual and general health. We use the MOAT to evaluate the multi-dimensional gender gap in India and China by differencing the MOAT for females with that of males. Females in both countries have a lower MOAT than their male counterparts, indicating an earlier advent of ‘old age’ for females. The multi-dimensional estimates of the gender gap are also higher than the estimates based on only one dimension of health. A considerable level of variation is also observed in the gender gap across provinces. The study illustrates the need to understand the gender gap in health in India and China from a multi-dimensional perspective and provides an innovative way to quantify such a gap. Province-specific as well as health dimension-specific interventions are vital in reducing the gender gap among older adults in these countries.

scholarly journals Is there a Trade-Off between Financial Rewards and Other Job Benefits? Different Career Pathways for two Groups of Management Students.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Leiv Opstad
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Financial Education ◽  
Career Pathways ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economics Students ◽  
Job Benefits ◽  
Standard Linear ◽  
Management Students

The unemployment rate in Norway is low. More than 30 per cent work in the public sector and there is a shortage of labour, especially in the health and education sectors. This article seeks to find out more about why some choose to study within health and education and pursue a career there while others put finances or business education as their priority. Which factors influence this choice? Students’ responses to questionnaires reveal that there are some significant differences. The results indicate a trade-off between high salaries and other job benefits. Compared to business and economics students, financial rewards count for less for those selecting public sector work. They accept lower wages in compensation for job security and personal contentment. Other factors that have implications for educational choices are personal characteristics (Big Five) and interests. Furthermore, there is a substantial gap between females selecting business and financial education and females who prefer a personal-oriented job in the public sector. The methods used in this paper are comparison of means (t-test) and standard linear regression.

scholarly journals The Political Implications of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne Halikiopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Emergency Measures

This chapter briefly examines the political implications of COVID-19, focusing on the potential constraints and opportunities it poses for populism. Some initial comparative observations suggest the following patterns. First, populists in opposition are likely to be weakened electorally in the short-run, as voters support non-populists on the basis of valence voting. Second, this may not apply to populists in power, who may use emergency measures for democratic backsliding. Third, in the long-run, a potential economic crisis as a result of the pandemic may benefit populist parties, especially those in opposition as discontent voters may punish those in government for the poor managing of the health/economy trade-off. In sum, what will determine the direction of future political developments is the extent to which governments can balance the trade-offs involved in the Covid-19 crisis, including effective health management versus economic growth and individual freedoms versus collective security.

scholarly journals The Democratic Quality of Institutional Regimes: A Conceptual Framework

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Kaiser ◽  
Matthias Lehnert ◽  
Bernhard Miller ◽  
Ulrich Sieberer
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Majoritarian Democracy ◽  
Democratic Quality ◽  
Input Characteristic ◽  
Actual Policy ◽  
Institutional Regimes

Lijphart's spectrum of democracies – recently expanded by Jack Nagel to a sub-majoritarian sphere of pluralitarian systems which use disproportional electoral systems in order to manufacture majority governments from minorities in the electorate – is based on only one dimension: inclusion of preferences. Political scientists in the Lijphartian tradition wrongly assume that inclusion of preferences, which is an input characteristic, automatically leads to responsiveness, which refers to actual policy decisions and hence is an output characteristic. We therefore add ‘responsibility’ as a second input characteristic and employ it alongside the inclusiveness of institutional regimes. We argue that in representative democracies there exists a trade-off between inclusiveness and responsibility. This trade-off helps us to measure the democratic quality of institutional regimes. The now expanded spectrum of democracies based on these two dimensions shows that majoritarian democracy proper – in which governments represent a majority of individual preferences but not more than necessary – is the best possible combination of the two democratic values.

The Ranking Properties of Healthy-Years Equivalents and Quality-Adjusted Life-Years Under Certainty and Uncertainty

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Johannesson
Keyword(s):  
Expected Utility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Health States ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life ◽  
Health Profiles

AbstractThis paper investigates the theoretical properties of healthy-years equivalents (HYEs) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). A distinction is made between ex ante HYEs (EA-HYEs) and expected HYEs (EXP-HYEs) and between risk-neutral quality-adjusted life-years (RN-QALYs) and risk-adjusted quality adjusted life-years (RA-QALYs). In the case of certainty, HYEs always rank health profiles according to individual preferences, whereas QALYs only rank health profiles according to individual preferences if constant proportional trade-off holds for all health states and if additive independence of quality in different periods holds. In the case of uncertainty, EA-HYEs always rank risky health profiles the same way as expected utility. The assumptions needed for the other measures to rank risky health profiles the same way as expected utility are: risk neutrality with respect to healthy time for EXP-HYEs; risk neutrality with respect to time in all health states and additive independence of quality in different periods for RN-HYEs; and constant proportional risk posture with respect to time in all health states and additive independence of quality in different periods for RA-QALYs.

scholarly journals A cure worse than the disease? Exploring the health-economy trade-off during COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Ioana-Elena Oana ◽  
Alessandro Pellegata ◽  
Chendi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Health Economy ◽  
Trade Off

Prey-capture strategies in sympatric web-building spiders

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 964-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Zschokke ◽  
Yann Hénaut ◽  
Suresh P. Benjamin ◽  
J. Alvaro García-Ballinas
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Orb Web ◽  
Web Building ◽  
The Web

Arthropods in several orders use traps to capture prey. Such trap-building predators expend most of their foraging energy prior to any prey contact. Nevertheless, relative investments in trap construction and actual prey capture may vary among trap builders, and they are likely to face a trade-off between building very effective but energetically costly traps and building less effective traps requiring faster reaction times when attacking prey. We analysed this trade-off in a field experiment by comparing the prey capture behaviour of four different sympatric web-building spiders (Araneae: Araneidae, Nephilidae, Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae) with the retention times of five different prey types in the webs of these spiders. Retention times differed greatly among webs and among prey types. The vertical orb webs retained prey longer than the horizontal orb web and the sheet web, and active prey escaped more quickly than less active prey. Among spiders with orb webs, the spider with the web that retained prey for the shortest time was the fastest to capture prey, thus confirming the expected trade-off between building long-retaining webs and attacking slowly versus building short-retaining webs and attacking more rapidly. The sheet web, however, neither retained prey for an appreciable period of time nor facilitated rapid prey capture. We suggest that this low capture effectiveness of sheet webs is compensated by their lower maintenance costs.

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