scholarly journals Phenoloxidase activity and organic carbon dynamics in historic Anthrosols in Scotland, UK

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0259205
Author(s):  
Benneth O. I. Esiana ◽  
Christopher J. Coates ◽  
W. Paul Adderley ◽  
Anne E. Berns ◽  
Roland Bol
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Magic Angle ◽  
Phenoloxidase Activity ◽  
The Impact

Phenolic compounds are chemical precursor building blocks of soil organic matter. Their occurrence can be inhibitory to certain enzymes present in soil, thereby influencing the rate of decomposition of soil organic matter. Microbe-derived phenoloxidases (laccases) are extracellular enzymes capable of degrading recalcitrant polyphenolic compounds. In this study, our aim was to investigate the relationships between phenoloxidase enzyme activity, organic carbon content and microbial abundance in the context of long-term anthropogenically amended soils. To achieve this, we used a series of complementary biochemical analytical methods including gas chromatography, enzyme assays and solid-state Carbon-13 Cross Polarisation Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13C CPMAS NMR). Using several anthrosols found in St Andrews (Scotland, UK) that had been subjected to intense anthropogenic modification since the medieval period (11th century AD) to present-day, we were able to scope the impact of past waste disposal on soils. The long-term anthropogenic impact led to organic matter-rich soils. Overall, phenoloxidase activity increased by up to 2-fold with soil depth (up to 100 cm) and was inversely correlated with microbial biomass. Solid-state 13C NMR characterisation of carbon species revealed that the observed decline in soil organic matter with depth corresponded to decreases in the labile organic carbon fractions as evidenced by changes in the O/N-alkyl C region of the spectra. The increase in phenoloxidase activity with depth would appear to be a compensatory mechanism for the reduced quantities of organic carbon and lower overall nutrient environment in subsoils. By enzymatically targeting phenolic compounds, microbes can better utilise recalcitrant carbon when other labile soil carbon sources become limited, thereby maintaining metabolic processes.

Incorporation of uniformly labeled 13C glucose carbon into the organic fraction of a soil - carbon balance and CP MAS 13C NMR Measurements

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Baldock ◽  
JM Oades ◽  
AM Vassallo ◽  
MA Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
13C Nmr ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Magic Angle ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cp Mas 13C Nmr

The incorporation of uniformly labelled 13C-giucose into soil organic matter was followed using mass spectrometry to make carbon balance measurements, and using solid state CP/MAS 13C NMR (cross polarization/magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy to determine changes in the chemical structure of the added 13C with time. A fine sandy loam soil was incubated in the presence and absence of the labelled 13C-glucose for up to 34 days at 22�C and a soil water matric potential of -33 kPa. Carbon balance measurements indicated that no priming effect of glucose addition on decomposition of the native organic carbon occurred, and that 65% of the glucose 13C was mineralized during the incubation period. The ability of solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR to quantitatively detect all of the substrate 13C present in the samples was assessed by comparing the residual substrate 13C contents of the samples analysed with the corresponding CP/MAS 13C NMR signal intensities. Incorporation of the glucose 13C into the soil organic matter resulted in the synthesis of alkyl (26%), O-alkyl (66%), and carboxyl (8%) carbon, but little if any aromatic carbon. The influence of decomposition processes on the chemical characteristics of the soil organic matter is discussed, and the chemical structure of the materials synthesized by the microbial biomass is compared with that of the native soil organic matter.

Soil organic carbon dynamics under long-term sugarcane monoculture

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Skjemstad ◽  
J. A. Taylor ◽  
L. J. Janik ◽  
S. P. Marvanek
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics

Comparisons of soil samples from virgin sites or sites recently planted to sugarcane (new) with sites that had been under cane production for many years (old) were made to investigate the potential impact of cane production on soil organic carbon (OC) levels and chemistry. The comparisons showed that very little change had occurred in total OC and in ‘light’ fraction (<1·6 Mg/m3). Increasing pyrophosphate extractability throughout the profile at some sites, as a result of cultivation, however, suggested that the organic matter generally became more ‘humified’ with long-term cane production. Evidence is presented for a redistribution of OC within profiles under cane production. Old, well-established cane sites had soils with lower OC levels in the surface horizons and higher levels in the subsoils relative to new sites. The overall chemistry of the soil organic matter, as indicated by solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, did not change significantly at each site even though between site differences were large. Some soils contained substantial amounts of charcoal which was of pre-cane origin. In some of the coarse-textured soils, smaller amounts of charcoal produced during the burning of cane appeared to accumulate below the A1 horizons in the profiles. It also appeared likely that the redistribution of carbon in the upper horizons of some soils resulted from the movement of charcoal within the profile, probably as a result of tillage.

Modelling dynamic interactions between soil structure and soil organic matter

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Jarvis ◽  
Elsa Coucheney ◽  
Claire Chenu ◽  
Anke Herrmann ◽  
Thomas Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Organic Carbon Content

&lt;p&gt;The aggregated structure of soil is known to reduce rates of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and therefore influence the potential for long-term carbon sequestration. In turn, the storage and turnover of SOM strongly determines soil aggregation and thus the physical properties of soil. The two-way nature of these interactions has not yet been explicitly considered in soil organic matter models. In this study, we present and describe a new model of these dynamic feedbacks between SOM storage, soil pore structure and soil physical properties. We show the results of a test of the model against measurements made during 61 years in a field trial located near Uppsala (Sweden) in two treatments with different OM inputs (bare fallow, animal manure). The model was able to successfully reproduce long-term trends in soil bulk density and organic carbon content (SOC), as well as match limited data on soil pore size distribution and surface elevation. The results suggest that the model approach presented here could prove useful in analyses of the effects of soil and crop management practices and climate change on the long-term potential for soil organic carbon sequestration.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Agricultural mulching and fungicides—impacts on fungal biomass, mycotoxin occurrence, and soil organic matter decomposition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Meyer ◽  
Dörte Diehl ◽  
Gabriele Ellen Schaumann ◽  
Katherine Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPlastic and straw coverage (PC and SC) are often combined with fungicide application but their influence on fungicide entry into soil and the resulting consequences for soil quality are still unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of PC and SC, combined with fungicide application, on soil residual concentrations of fungicides (fenhexamid, cyprodinil, and fludioxonil), soil fungal biomass, mycotoxin occurrence, and soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, depending on soil depth (0–10, 10–30, 30–60 cm) and time (1 month prior to fungicide application and respectively 1 week, 5 weeks, and 4 months afterwards). Soil analyses comprised fungicides, fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and zearalenone), ergosterol, soil microbial carbon and nitrogen, soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and pH. Fludioxonil and cyprodinil concentrations were higher under SC than under PC 1 week and 5 weeks after fungicide application (up to three times in the topsoil) but no differences were observed anymore after 4 months. Fenhexamid was not detected, presumably because of its fast dissipation in soil. The higher fludioxonil and cyprodinil concentrations under SC strongly reduced the fungal biomass and shifted microbial community towards larger bacterial fraction in the topsoil and enhanced the abundance and concentration of deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol 5 weeks after fungicide application. Independent from the different fungicide concentrations, the decomposition of SOM was temporarily reduced after fungicide application under both coverage types. However, although PC and SC caused different concentrations of fungicide residues in soil, their impact on the investigated soil parameters was minor and transient (< 4 months) and hence not critical for soil quality.

Long-term effects of croppedvs. fallow and fertilizer amendments on soil organic matter I. Organic carbon

2005 ◽  
Vol 168 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajinder Singh Antil ◽  
Martin H. Gerzabek ◽  
Georg Haberhauer ◽  
Gerfried Eder
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals Effect of crop residue management on soil organic carbon, soil organic matter and crop yield: An overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 712-717
Author(s):  
Renu Kumari ◽  
Ranbir Singh ◽  
Neeraj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Crop Residue Management ◽  
The Impact

Soil is a very important factor of the plant growth and crop yield. But   now a days, very small area of the soil can actually be fertile for agriculture, and if we manage improperly it can be depleted. So the big problem, how we manage and increase the fertility of soil. It has been reported that soil organic carbon and soil matter is the most important indicator of soil quality and soil health. It is also beneficial for agricultural sustainability. In this review, we summarized how crop residue management affects soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic matter (SOM), soil aggregation, effect of residue burning and crop productivity in different cropping system. Proper use of crop residue can increase or maintain the physical and chemical properties of SOM and improve the quality of soil. Manure or crop residue alone may not be adequate to maintain SOC levels. Knowledge and assessment of changes (positive or negative) in SOC and SOM with time is still needed to evaluate the impact of different management practices.

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