scholarly journals Acoustic structure and information content of trumpets in female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260284
Author(s):  
Evelyn Fuchs ◽  
Veronika C. Beeck ◽  
Anton Baotic ◽  
Angela S. Stoeger
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Individual Recognition ◽  
Deterministic Chaos ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Non Linear

Most studies on elephant vocal communication have focused on the low-frequency rumble, with less effort on other vocalization types such as the most characteristic elephant call, the trumpet. Yet, a better and more complete understanding of the elephant vocal system requires investigating other vocalization types and their functioning in more detail as well. We recorded adult female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) at a private facility in Nepal and analyzed 206 trumpets from six individuals regarding their frequency, temporal and contour shape, and related acoustic parameters of the fundamental frequency. We also tested for information content regarding individuality and context. Finally, we recorded the occurrence of non-linear phenomena such as bifurcation, biphonation, subharmonics and deterministic chaos. We documented a mean fundamental frequency ± SD of 474 ± 70 Hz and a mean duration ± SD of 1.38 ± 1.46 s (Nindiv. = 6, Ncalls = 206). Our study reveals that the contour of the fundamental frequency of trumpets encodes information about individuality, but we found no evidence for trumpet subtypes in greeting versus disturbance contexts. Non-linear phenomena prevailed and varied in abundance among individuals, suggesting that irregularities in trumpets might enhance the potential for individual recognition. We propose that trumpets in adult female Asian elephants serve to convey an individual’s identity as well as to signal arousal and excitement to conspecifics.

Reproductive tract neoplasia in adult female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

2021 ◽  
pp. 030098582110318
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Landolfi ◽  
Patricia M. Gaffney ◽  
Rita McManamon ◽  
Nicole L. Gottdenker ◽  
Angela E. Ellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Managed Care ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Carcinoma In Situ ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Anaplastic Carcinoma ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Uterine Adenocarcinoma

Recent reports have highlighted a lower-than-expected prevalence of neoplasia in elephants and suggested mechanisms for cancer resistance. But despite infrequent reports in the literature, uterine neoplasia is common in managed Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus). This study is an archival review of reproductive tract neoplasia in 80 adult female Asian elephant mortalities in managed care facilities in the United States from 1988 to 2019. Neoplasms occurred in 64/80 (80%) of cases. Most were in the uterus (63/64; 98%) with only a single case of ovarian neoplasia. Myometrial leiomyomas were present in 57/63 (90%) cases with uterine neoplasia. Uterine adenocarcinoma was present in 8/63 (13%) cases. Remaining cases included endometrial adenoma (2), focal carcinoma in situ in endometrial polyps (1), anaplastic carcinoma (1), endometrial hemangioma (1), primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET; 1), and angiosarcoma (1). One case with uterine adenocarcinoma had a separate pelvic mass histologically characterized as an anaplastic sarcoma. Distant metastases were documented in 5/8 (63%) cases of uterine adenocarcinoma, and in the uterine anaplastic carcinoma, PNET, and angiosarcoma. Four uterine adenocarcinomas and one carcinoma in situ were examined immunohistochemically for pan-cytokeratin, vimentin, and estrogen receptor. In all, neoplastic cells were pan-cytokeratin positive and vimentin negative, and in 2 cases were immunoreactive for estrogen receptor. Results show that female reproductive tract neoplasia, particularly of the uterus, is common in Asian elephants and is not limited to leiomyomas. Importantly, uterine neoplasms have the potential to impact fecundity and may represent obstacles to conservation in managed care.

scholarly journals Population and habitat use of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and five ungulate species in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
KUSUMA MENKHAM ◽  
RONGLARP SUKMASUANG ◽  
MANANYA PLA-ARD ◽  
KHWANRUTAI CHARASPET ◽  
TARAPONE PANGANTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Asian Elephant ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Wildlife Sanctuary ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Sambar Deer

Abstract. Menkham K, Sukmasuang R, Pla-Ard M, Charaspet K, Panganta T, Trisurat Y, Bhumpakphan N. 2019. Population and habitat use of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and five ungulate species in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 20: 2213-2221. This study on the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population, habitat use and the diel activity patterns of elephants and five species of large even-toed ungulates was conducted between March 2017 and March 2018 in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Chachoengsao Province using intensive camera trapping. Fifty-eight camera traps were deployed, adding up to a total of 4,463 trap nights and revealing 1,760 independent encounters. Six species of mammals were recorded, including the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and five species of large even-toed ungulates; the gaur (Bos gaurus), the banteng (Bos javanicus), the sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), the wild boar (Sus scrofa), and the muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak). The abundance analysis reflected that the probability occupancy of the elephant was 0.92 (SE = 0.04); in dry seasons 0.97 (SE = 0.04) and in wet seasons 0.90 (SE = 0.83). The population of elephants within the study site of 87.95 km2 was within 79.51-334.15 individuals. The elephant age classes were identified as adult, sub-adult, juvenile, and calf with percentages of 77.85%, 5.71%, 9.28%, and 7.14%, respectively. The adult male to adult female sex-ratio was 1: 1.39 and the adult female per calf ratio was 1: 0.12. The percentage of the calf to adult female ratio was 9.17%. Maximum Entropy analysis revealed that saltlicks and artificial water sources were the environmental factors that had the most influence on the probability of occurrence of the elephant (all year). We found that the diel activity pattern of the elephants was strongly nocturnal (85% recorded between 18.00-05.59 hours). Temporal overlapping was seen between elephants and gaurs, bantengs and sambar deer in order. Suggestions for area management include improvement of water sources, salt licks, grassland management, and providing education, publicization, and strict control to decrease human activities within the protected area. There also should be continuous studies to monitor the population and the ecology of these species.

scholarly journals Non-linear Terahertz driving of plasma waves in layered cuprates

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Gabriele ◽  
Mattia Udina ◽  
Lara Benfatto
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Plasma Waves ◽  
Meissner Effect ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Plasma Mode ◽  
Light Pulses ◽  
High Frequency Plasma ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Layered Cuprates

AbstractThe hallmark of superconductivity is the rigidity of the quantum-mechanical phase of electrons, responsible for superfluid behavior and Meissner effect. The strength of the phase stiffness is set by the Josephson coupling, which is strongly anisotropic in layered cuprates. So far, THz light pulses have been used to achieve non-linear control of the out-of-plane Josephson plasma mode, whose frequency lies in the THz range. However, the high-energy in-plane plasma mode has been considered insensitive to THz pumping. Here, we show that THz driving of both low-frequency and high-frequency plasma waves is possible via a general two-plasmon excitation mechanism. The anisotropy of the Josephson couplings leads to markedly different thermal effects for the out-of-plane and in-plane response, linking in both cases the emergence of non-linear photonics across Tc to the superfluid stiffness. Our results show that THz light pulses represent a preferential knob to selectively drive phase excitations in unconventional superconductors.

Social Dynamics of a Newly Integrated Bachelor Group of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus): Welfare implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Amy L. Schreier ◽  
Taylor S. Readyhough ◽  
Anneke Moresco ◽  
Maura Davis ◽  
Sharon Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Welfare Implications

Illusory Reversal of Brightness Contrast

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1169-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitman Richards
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Angle ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Brightness Contrast ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Non Linear

An illusion analogous to Cornsweet's is used to demonstrate how the non-linear behavior of the visual system can be used to obscure low-frequency gradients. The result is a reversal of brightness—from light to dark—as the visual angle of the display is changed.

Non-linear dynamics, chaos, complexity and enclaves in granitoid magmas

1996 ◽  
Vol 87 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Flinders ◽  
John D. Clemens
Keyword(s):  
Deterministic Chaos ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Nd Isotope ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Magma System ◽  
Isotope Systematics

ABSTRACT:Most natural systems display non-linear dynamic behaviour. This should be true for magma mingling and mixing processes, which may be chaotic. The equations that most nearly represent how a chaotic natural system behaves are insoluble, so modelling involves linearisation. The difference between the solution of the linearised and ‘true’ equation is assumed to be small because the discarded terms are assumed to be unimportant. This may be very misleading because the importance of such terms is both unknown and unknowable. Linearised equations are generally poor descriptors of nature and are incapable of either predicting or retrodicting the evolution of most natural systems. Viewed in two dimensions, the mixing of two or more visually contrasting fluids produces patterns by folding and stretching. This increases the interfacial area and reduces striation thickness. This provides visual analogues of the deterministic chaos within a dynamic magma system, in which an enclave magma is mingling and mixing with a host magma. Here, two initially adjacent enclave blobs may be driven arbitrarily and exponentially far apart, while undergoing independent (and possibly dissimilar) changes in their composition. Examples are given of the wildly different morphologies, chemical characteristics and Nd isotope systematics of microgranitoid enclaves within individual felsic magmas, and it is concluded that these contrasts represent different stages in the temporal evolution of a complex magma system driven by nonlinear dynamics. If this is true, there are major implications for the interpretation of the parts played by enclaves in the genesis and evolution of granitoid magmas.

THE OCCURRENCE OF ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HER-PESVIRUS IN CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS): FIRST CASE OF EEHV4 IN ASIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supaphen Sripiboon ◽  
Pallop Tankaew ◽  
Grishda Lungka ◽  
Chatchote Thitaram
Keyword(s):  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
First Case

Dry season diets and habitat use of sympatric Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinocerus unicornis) in Nepal

2005 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Steinheim ◽  
Per Wegge ◽  
Jo I. Fjellstad ◽  
Shant R. Jnawali ◽  
Robert B. Weladji
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Asian Elephants

scholarly journals Belousov-Zhabotinsky type reactions: the non-linear behavior of chemical systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Cassani ◽  
Alessandro Monteverde ◽  
Marco Piumetti
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Deterministic Chaos ◽  
General Information ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Chemical Oscillators ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Oscillatory Reactions ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Belousov Zhabotinsky Reaction

AbstractChemical oscillators are open systems characterized by periodic variations of some reaction species concentration due to complex physico-chemical phenomena that may cause bistability, rise of limit cycle attractors, birth of spiral waves and Turing patterns and finally deterministic chaos. Specifically, the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction is a noteworthy example of non-linear behavior of chemical systems occurring in homogenous media. This reaction can take place in several variants and may offer an overview on chemical oscillators, owing to its simplicity of mathematical handling and several more complex deriving phenomena. This work provides an overview of Belousov-Zhabotinsky-type reactions, focusing on modeling under different operating conditions, from the most simple to the most widely applicable models presented during the years. In particular, the stability of simplified models as a function of bifurcation parameters is studied as causes of several complex behaviors. Rise of waves and fronts is mathematically explained as well as birth and evolution issues of the chaotic ODEs system describing the Györgyi-Field model of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. This review provides not only the general information about oscillatory reactions, but also provides the mathematical solutions in order to be used in future biochemical reactions and reactor designs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document