scholarly journals Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer amount for best performance and highest economic return of winter wheat under limited irrigation conditions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260379
Author(s):  
Pin Zhang ◽  
Yi-kang Qi ◽  
Hong-guang Wang ◽  
Jian-ning He ◽  
Rui-qi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Application ◽  
Area Index

Inappropriate water and fertilizer management can lead to unstable crop yields. Excessive fertilization can potentially cause soil degradation and nitrogen (N) leaching. The aim of this study was to explore the optimal N application rate on two wheat varieties with different nitrogen responding under limited water irrigation at three experimental sites in the Piedmont plain of the Taihang Mountains, China. A two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of five N application rates (N0, N120, N180, N240, and N300) on winter wheat growth, leaf area index, aboveground biomass, grain yield, grain N accumulation, and net return. The results showed that N application rate significantly affected leaf area index, aboveground biomass, grain yield, and harvest index. Variety and variety × N rate interactions had a significant effect on few indicators. Compared with N0, N180 improved leaf area index, aboveground biomass, grain yield, and grain N accumulation. Compared with N240 and N300, N180 increased the harvest index and N harvest index, without significantly reducing grain yield or grain N accumulation, while enhancing a higher N use efficiency. Fertilizers applied in the ranges of 144.7–212.9 and 150.3–247.0 kg ha-1 resulted in the highest net return for the KN199 and JM585 varieties, respectively. Our study provides a sound theoretical basis for high-efficiency fertilizer utilization in sustainable winter wheat production in the Piedmont plains of the Taihang Mountains of China.

Impact of spectral saturation on leaf area index and aboveground biomass estimation of winter wheat

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Mei-Chen Feng ◽  
Wu-De Yang ◽  
Guang-Wei Ding ◽  
Hui Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Area Index

scholarly journals Reducing N Application by Increasing Plant Density Based on Evaluation of Root, Photosynthesis, N Accumulation and Yield of Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1080
Author(s):  
Xiangqian Zhang ◽  
Shizhou Du ◽  
Yunji Xu ◽  
Chengfu Cao ◽  
Huan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Application ◽  
Area Index ◽  
N Level ◽  
N Application Rate

(Aims) To clarify the mechanisms though which dense planting could alleviate the negative effect of the reducing N rate on yield, (Methods) an experiment with four nitrogen levels—0 (N0), 120 (N1), 180 (N2) and 240 (N3) kg N ha−1—and three plant densities—180 (D1), 240 (D2) and 300 (D3) × 104 basic seedlings ha−1—was conducted. (Results) Increasing plant density decreased the root length, root volume, root surface area and root tips of individual plant while it enhanced the aforementioned root traits in population. The chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the individual plants were decreased with the increase in plant density and enhanced with the increase in N level. The increasing density and N application rate enhanced the leaf area index, photosynthetic high-efficiency leaf area and canopy photosynthetically active radiation of population. N accumulation per plant was decreased with increasing density and was enhanced with an increasing N application level. Within the same N level, the N accumulation in the population, N production efficiency and N recovery efficiency were consistently D3 > D2 > D1. A high N application rate with high density was not conducive to improving the NR (nitrate reductase), GS (glutamine synthetase) and GOGAT (glutamate synthase) activities. The yield could be maintained as stable or improved if decreasing by 60 kg N ha−1 with increasing 60 × 104 basic seedlings ha−1 within the range of N application in this experiment. (Conclusions) These results indicated that the yield of wheat could be improved with less N application by adjusting the compensatory effects from the plant density in populations.

scholarly journals Lodging Resistance and Yield Performance of Two Traditional Rice Varieties Applied with Nitrogen and Paclobutrazol

2016 ◽  
pp. 106-129
Author(s):  
Ariel Mactal ◽  
Justo Canare
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spikelets Per Panicle ◽  
Traditional Rice

Vulnerability of rice growing areas to strong typhoons coupled by the susceptibility of traditional rice varieties to lodging lead to low yield and poor quality of harvested rice. To address these problems, two experiments using factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design were conducted during the wet season to determine the effects of paclobutrazol and nitrogen on the lodging resistance, agro-morphological characteristics and yield performance of two traditional rice varieties Elon-elon and Palawan Red. Application of increasing concentration of paclobutrazol did not significantly affect the percentage filled spikelets per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, weight of 1000 grains, dry matter yield, harvest index and grain yield. At all concentrations of paclobutrazol, Palawan red had the longest first and fourth internodes, more unfilled spikelets per panicle, heavier 1000 grains weight and higher leaf area index than Elonelon. On the other hand, smaller stem diameter, more productive tillers per hill and longer panicles were obtained from Elon-elon than Palawan red. Elon-elon applied with increasing rates of nitrogen in combination with 500 ppm paclobutrazol had bigger stem diameter, higher productive tillers per hill, higher number of filled spikelets per panicle, higher percentage filled spikelets per panicle, longer panicles, higher harvest index and higher grain yield than Palawan red. Apparently, Palawan red had longer first, second and third internodes, more unfilled spikelets per panicle, heavier 1000 grain weight and higher leaf area index than Elon-elon. Applications of 30 and 60 kg N per ha had significantly higher lodging index than the untreated plants. Harvest index and grain yield were lowest in plants applied with 30 and 60 kg N per ha, attributable to high lodging index. Paclobutrazol is effective in shortening the length of the lower internodes and inhibits stem elongation resulting to shorter plants with increased lodging resistance. This ultimately produced higher yield than those plants that lodged. Culm strength was reduced by high rates of nitrogen causing significant increase in lodging index. The time of lodging is crucial in predicting the yield performance of the plants. Early lodging resulted to huge reduction in yield while it has little or no effect on yield when it occurs at later stages of the rice crop.

scholarly journals Validation of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids for the Study on Variability, Trait Association, and Path Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 298-308
Author(s):  
M. Ramesh Kanna ◽  
Hiramani Barman ◽  
Kasireddy Sivasankarreddy ◽  
Dikshita Gogoi ◽  
T. V. Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Ear Height ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
Pollen Shed

The present investigation was conducted with nine genotypes in randomized block design during Rabi, 2019-20 at the instructional-cum-research farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. All the characters exhibited significant genotypic mean squares in analysis of variance except anthesis silking interval, kernel rows per ear and 100 kernel weights. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for the traits plant height, ear height, ears per plant, ear length, kernels per row, chlorophyll content, leaf area index 60 days after sowing (LAI 60 DAS), LAI 90 DAS, harvest index, grain yield per plant and grain yield per hectare. Significant genetic association of grain yield per plant and grain yield per hectare with days to 50% pollen shed, days to 50% silk, days to 100% dry husk, ear height, kernels per row, LAI 60DAS and LAI 90 DAS. Genotypic path analysis revealed that the characters, days to 50% silk, days to 100% dry husk, plant height, ears per plant, ear diameter and harvest index had the highest positive direct effects on grain yield per hectare while days to 50% pollen shed and ear height had the highest negative direct effect on grain yield per hectare. The hybrids namely, PAC 751, CP 333 and PAC 751 ELITE, were found to be the three best hybrids to possess a high estimate of desirable traits such as days to 50% pollen shed, days to 50% silk, days to 100% dry husk, plant height, ear height, ear diameter, leaf area index at 60 days after sowing, lea area index at 90 days after sowing, grain yield per plant and grain yield per hectare.

scholarly journals Comparative productivity and drought response of semi-tropical hybrids and open-pollinated varieties of sorghum

1992 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Blum ◽  
G. Golan ◽  
J. Mayer ◽  
B. Sinmena ◽  
T. Obilana
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Area Index

SUMMARYWhile the relative advantage of hybrids over open-pollinated varieties has long been established for temperate sorghums in developed countries, similar information for semi-tropical sorghums used in Africa and India is relatively scant, especially under conditions of drought stress. This study compared 23 hybrids with 21 open-pollinated varieties, all developed in India and/or Southern Africa. Materials were field-tested under conditions of stored soil moisture at two levels of drought stress (dryland or one supplemental irrigation) at Bet Dagan, Israel in 1989.Irrespective of the water regime, grain yield and harvest index increased and leaf area index decreased with a shorter growth duration of the genotypes. Hybrids were earlier, had a larger leaf area index, more than double the harvest index and produced more grain compared with varieties. In spite of their longer growth duration, varieties were less water-stressed than hybrids, as judged by their midday leaf water potential, relative water content and the extent of leaf rolling. The relatively poor plant water status of the hybrids could be partly ascribed to their larger leaf area index. Hybrids produced more biomass per day than varieties under low stress while varieties produced more biomass per day than hybrids under high stress. Thus, in terms of plant water status and mean daily biomass production, varieties were more drought resistant than hybrids. However, the physiological superiority of the varieties under drought stress did not result in a higher grain yield because of their inherent relatively poor harvest index, typical of the tall and late African sorghums. The superior physiological resistance to drought stress of these varieties could be translated into a yield advantage under drought stress if their potential harvest index is improved.

scholarly journals Representing winter wheat in the Community Land Model (version 4.5)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1873-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqiong Lu ◽  
Ian N. Williams ◽  
Justin E. Bagley ◽  
Margaret S. Torn ◽  
Lara M. Kueppers
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Community Land Model ◽  
The Us

Abstract. Winter wheat is a staple crop for global food security, and is the dominant vegetation cover for a significant fraction of Earth's croplands. As such, it plays an important role in carbon cycling and land–atmosphere interactions in these key regions. Accurate simulation of winter wheat growth is not only crucial for future yield prediction under a changing climate, but also for accurately predicting the energy and water cycles for winter wheat dominated regions. We modified the winter wheat model in the Community Land Model (CLM) to better simulate winter wheat leaf area index, latent heat flux, net ecosystem exchange of CO2, and grain yield. These included schemes to represent vernalization as well as frost tolerance and damage. We calibrated three key parameters (minimum planting temperature, maximum crop growth days, and initial value of leaf carbon allocation coefficient) and modified the grain carbon allocation algorithm for simulations at the US Southern Great Plains ARM site (US-ARM), and validated the model performance at eight additional sites across North America. We found that the new winter wheat model improved the prediction of monthly variation in leaf area index, reduced latent heat flux, and net ecosystem exchange root mean square error (RMSE) by 41 and 35 % during the spring growing season. The model accurately simulated the interannual variation in yield at the US-ARM site, but underestimated yield at sites and in regions (northwestern and southeastern US) with historically greater yields by 35 %.

Spring top-dressings of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ and late sprays of a liquid N-fertilizer and a broad spectrum fungicide for consecutive crops of winter wheat at Saxmundham, Suffolk

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Penny ◽  
F. V. Widdowson ◽  
J. F. Jenkyn
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Content ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer

SummaryAn experiment at Saxmundham, Suffolk, during 1974–6, tested late sprays of a liquid N-fertilizer (ammonium nitrate/urea) supplying 50 kg N/ha, and a broad spectrum fungicide (benomyl and maneb with mancozeb) on winter wheat given, 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg N/ha as ‘Nitro-Chalk’ (ammonium nitrate/calcium carbonate) in springMildew (Erysiphe graminisf. sp. tritici) was most severe in 1974. It was increased by N and decreased by the fungicide in both 1974 and 1975, but was negligible in 1976. Septoria (S. nodorum) was very slight in 1974 and none was observed in 1976. It was much more severe in 1975, but was unaffected by the fungicide perhaps because this was applied too late.Yield and N content, number of ears and leaf area index were determined during summer on samples taken from all plots given 100 or 150 kg N/ha in spring; each was larger with 150 than with 100 kg N/ha. The effects of the liquid N-fertilizer on yield and N content varied, but leaf area index was consistently increased. None was affected consistently by the fungicide.Yields, percentages of N in, and amounts of N removed by grain and straw were greatly and consistently increased by each increment of ‘Nitro-Chalk’. Yields of grain were increased (average, 9%) by the liquid fertilizer in 1974 and 1975, and most where most ‘Nitro-Chalk’ had been given, but not in 1976 when the wheat ripened in July; however, both the percentage of N in and the amount of N removed by the grain were increased by the liquid fertilizer each year. The fungicide increased the response to the liquid N-fertilizer in 1974, but not in 1975 when Septoria was not controlled, nor in 1976 when leaf diseases were virtually absent.The weight of 1000 grains was increased by each increment of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ in 1975 but only by the first one (50 kg N/ha) in 1974 and 1976; it was very slightly increased by the liquid fertilizer and by fungicide each year.

Effects of Planting Density on Leaf Area and Productivity of Two Maize Cultivars in Nigeria

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. U. Remison ◽  
E. O. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Maize Cultivars

SUMMARYTwo maize cvs, FARZ 23 and FARZ 25, were grown at three densities (37,000, 53,000 and 80,000 plants/ha) in 1979 and 1980. Leaf area index (LAI) increased with increase in plant population and was at a maximum at mid-silk. Grain yield was highest at 53,000 plants/ha. There was no relation between LAI and grain yield but there was a positive correlation between LAI and total dry matter yield.

scholarly journals Estimating leaf area index and aboveground biomass of grazing pastures using Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Landsat images

2019 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 189-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Xiangming Xiao ◽  
Rajen Bajgain ◽  
Patrick Starks ◽  
Jean Steiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sentinel 2
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