Effect of HIV status and retinol on immunogenicity to oral cholera vaccine in adult population living in an endemic area of Lukanga Swamps, Zambia

Background We set out to assess the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and micronutrient deficiency as indicated by serum retinol levels on the immune responses to Oral Cholera Vaccine (Shanchol™) in a cohort of participants in Lukanga Swamps, Zambia. Cholera remains endemic in Zambia with vaccines being the only effective preventive measures. However, the effect of these vaccines on populations living with HIV has not been widely documented. Methods HIV testing and confirmation was done using the Alere Determine™ HIV-1/2 and Uni-Gold™ kits while vibriocidal antibody assay was applied for vaccine immunogenicity. Serum retinol analysis was assessed by Shimadzu Prominence HCT-2010 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The primary outcome was log transformed geometric mean titre. Results From 47 participants screened for HIV, 51% (24) tested positive. There was a statistically significant reduction in Ogawa geometric mean ratio (GMR) by 67% (GMR = 0.33; 95% CI: -0.15, 0.76; p-value = 0.009) attributable to HIV positivity with a non-significant reduction in Inaba GMR by about 50% due to HIV positivity. When doubling of retinol levels modelled, GMR reduction against Ogawa were non-significant but that against Inaba resulted in a significant reduction in geometric mean titer (GMT) (GMT-0.33, C.I 0.16–0.66, p-value 0.002). At 1000copies/ml viral load cut off and 350 cells/μl CD4 counts, Ogawa GMT was two times higher 11.16 (95%CI: 8.20–15.19) versus 6.06 (95%CI: 4.04–9.10) in low viremia participants, and three times higher in above threshold CD4 count participants; 24.81 (95%CI: 18.94–32.50) versus 7.07 (95%CI: 5.22–9.58). Conclusion Our results show that while Shanchol™ is immunogenic in both HIV+/- individuals, HIV + participants responded poorly. Viral load and CD4 count affected vaccine immunogenicity. More research is required for detailed understanding of this in order to appropriately inform policy and practice.

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Treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy: impact on infection progression assessed by viral load and CD4 count

Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia ◽

10.1590/abd1806-4841.2013895 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 88 (4) ◽

pp. 570-577 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Flávia Machado Gonçalves Soares ◽

Izelda Maria Carvalho Costa

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Disease Progression ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Undetectable Viral Load ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Before And After ◽

Facial Lipoatrophy ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

The Impact

BACKGROUND: HIV/AIDS-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome includes changes in body fat distribution, with or without metabolic changes. The loss of fat from the face, called facial lipoatrophy, is one of the most stigmatizing signs of the syndrome.OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the effect of FL treatment using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) implants on disease progression, assessed by viral load and CD4 cell count.METHODS: This was a prospective study of 44 patients treated from July 2009 to December 2010. Male and female patients, aged over 18 years, with clinically detectable FL and who had never been treated were included in the study. PMMA implantation was done to fill atrophic areas. Laboratory tests were conducted to measure viral load and CD4 count before and after treatment.RESULTS: Of the 44 patients, 72.72% were male and 27.27% female, mean age of 44.38 years. Before treatment, 82% of patients had undetectable viral load, which increased to 88.6% after treatment, but without statistical significance (p = 0.67). CD4 count before treatment ranged from 209 to 1293, averaging 493.97. After treatment, the average increased to 548.61. The increase in CD4 count after treatment was statistically significant with p = 0.02.CONCLUSION: The treatment of FL with PMMA implants showed a statistically significant increase in CD4 count after treatment, revealing the impact of FL treatment on disease progression. Viral load before and after treatment did not vary significantly.

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The Impact of a One-Dose versus Two-Dose Oral Cholera Vaccine Regimen in Outbreak Settings: A Modeling Study

PLoS Medicine ◽

10.1371/journal.pmed.1001867 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. e1001867 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Andrew S. Azman ◽

Francisco J. Luquero ◽

Iza Ciglenecki ◽

Rebecca F. Grais ◽

David A. Sack ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cholera Vaccine ◽

Vaccine Regimen ◽

Oral Cholera Vaccine ◽

Dose Oral ◽

The Impact ◽

Modeling Study

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Correction: The Impact of a One-Dose versus Two-Dose Oral Cholera Vaccine Regimen in Outbreak Settings: A Modeling Study

PLoS Medicine ◽

10.1371/journal.pmed.1001989 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. e1001989 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew S. Azman ◽

Francisco J. Luquero ◽

Iza Ciglenecki ◽

Rebecca F. Grais ◽

David A. Sack ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cholera Vaccine ◽

Vaccine Regimen ◽

Oral Cholera Vaccine ◽

Dose Oral ◽

The Impact ◽

Modeling Study

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Aripiprazole Improves Depressive Symptoms and Immunological Response to Antiretroviral Therapy in an HIV-Infected Subject with Resistant Depression

Case Reports in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2010/836214 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chiara Cecchelli ◽

Giacomo Grassi ◽

Stefano Pallanti

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Immunological Response ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Psychotropic Agents ◽

Resistant Depression ◽

Present Case Study ◽

The Impact

Aripiprazole is the first medication approved by the FDA as an add-on treatment for MDD. The impact of aripiprazole on the response to HIV is unknown. The patient we report on was diagnosed HIV-positive in 1997 and has been treated with antiretroviral therapy since then. In 2008, we diagnosed resistant major depression, hypochondria, and panic disorder. On that occasion, blood tests showed a significantly reduced CD4 count and a positive viral load. We treated this patient with aripiprazole and citalopram. Mood, somatic symptoms, and occupational functioning progressively improved. The last blood examination showed an increase in the CD4 count and a negative viral load. On the basis of the present case study and the review of the literature concerning the effects of psychotropic agents on viral replication, we suggest that the use of aripiprazole in HIV-infected subjects warrants further research.

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Impact of HIV-1 CRF55_01B infection on the evolution of CD4 count and plasma HIV RNA load in men who have sex with men prior to antiretroviral therapy

10.21203/rs.3.rs-390294/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lan Wei ◽

Hao Li ◽

Xing Lv ◽

Chenli Zheng ◽

Guilian Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Hiv Rna ◽

Subtype B ◽

The Impact ◽

Hiv 1

Abstract Background CRF55_01B is a newly identified HIV-1 circulating recombinant form originated from MSM in China. However, its impact on the disease progression and transmission risk has not been investigated. This study aimed to determine the impact of CRF55_01B infection on viral dynamics and immunological status, so as to provide implications for future prevention, treatment, or target interventions. Linear mixed effect models were applied to evaluate CD4 cell count decline and viral load increase by subtype.Results Of the 3418 blood samples, 1446 (42.3%) were CRF07_BC, 1169 (34.2%) CRF01_AE, 467 (13.7%) CRF55_01B, 249 (7.3%) type B, and 87 (2.5%) other subtypes (CRF_08BC, CRF_01B, C). CRF55_01B had replaced subtype B as the third predominant strain since 2012 in Shenzhen, China. CRF55_01B-infected MSM showed lower median of CD4 count than CRF07_BC-infected MSM (349.5 [IQR, 250.2~474.8] vs 370.0 [IQR, 278.0~501.0], P<0.05). CRF55_01B infection was associated with slower loss of CD4 count than CRF01_AE (13.6 vs 23.3 [cells/μL]¹/²/year, P<0.05)among MSM with initial CD4 count of 200~350 cells/μL. On the other hand, those infected with CRF55_01B showed higher median plasma HIV RNA load (5.4 [IQR, 5.0~5.9]) than both CRF01_AE (5.3 [IQR, 4.8~5.7], P<0.05) and CRF07_BC (5.0 log10 [IQR, 4.5~5.5], P<0.001) at the initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, the annual increasing rate of viral load for CRF55_01B infection was significantly higher than that of CRF07_BC (2.0 vs 0.7 log10 copies/ml/year, P<0.01).Conclusions The relatively lower CD4 count and faster increase of plasma HIV RNA load of CRF55_01B-infected MSM without antiretroviral therapy suggest that CRF55_01B may lead to longer asymptomatic phase and higher risk of HIV transmission. Strengthened surveillance, tailored prevention strategies and interventions, and in-depth research focusing on CRF55_01B are urgently needed to forestall potential epidemic.

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Expanded Safety and Immunogenicity of a Bivalent, Oral, Attenuated Cholera Vaccine, CVD 103-HgR Plus CVD 111, in United States Military Personnel Stationed in Panama

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.67.4.2030-2034.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 67 (4) ◽

pp. 2030-2034 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

David N. Taylor ◽

José L. Sanchez ◽

José M. Castro ◽

Carlos Lebron ◽

Carlos M. Parrado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Dose ◽

Seroconversion Rate ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

United States Military ◽

Cholera Vaccine ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Oral Cholera Vaccine ◽

Dose Oral ◽

El Tor ◽

Double Chamber

ABSTRACT To provide optimum protection against classical and El Tor biotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1, a single-dose, oral cholera vaccine was developed by combining two live, attenuated vaccine strains, CVD 103-HgR (classical, Inaba) and CVD 111 (El Tor, Ogawa). The vaccines were formulated in a double-chamber sachet; one chamber contained lyophilized bacteria, and the other contained buffer. A total of 170 partially-immune American soldiers stationed in Panama received one of the following five formulations: (a) CVD 103-HgR at 108 CFU plus CVD 111 at 107 CFU, (b) CVD 103-HgR at 108CFU plus CVD 111 at 106 CFU, (c) CVD 103-HgR alone at 108 CFU, (d) CVD 111 alone at 107 CFU, or (e) inactivated Escherichia coli placebo. Among those who received CVD 111 at the high or low dose either alone or in combination with CVD 103-HgR, 8 of 103 had diarrhea, defined as three or more liquid stools. None of the 32 volunteers who received CVD 103-HgR alone or the 35 placebo recipients had diarrhea. CVD 111 was detected in the stools of 46% of the 103 volunteers who received it. About 65% of all persons who received CVD 103-HgR either alone or in combination had a fourfold rise in Inaba vibriocidal titers. The postvaccination geometric mean titers were comparable among groups, ranging from 450 to 550. Ogawa vibriocidal titers were about twice as high in persons who received CVD 111 as in those who received CVD 103-HgR alone (600 versus 300). The addition of CVD 111 improved the overall seroconversion rate and doubled the serum Ogawa vibriocidal titers, suggesting that the combination of an El Tor and a classical cholera strain is desirable. While CVD 111 was previously found to be well tolerated in semiimmune Peruvians, the adverse effects observed in this study indicate that this strain requires further attenuation before it can be safely used in nonimmune populations.

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The Impact of Improved Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on Oral Rotavirus Vaccine Immunogenicity in Zimbabwean Infants: Substudy of a Cluster-randomized Trial

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz140 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (12) ◽

pp. 2074-2081 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

James A Church ◽

Sandra Rukobo ◽

Margaret Govha ◽

Benjamin Lee ◽

Marya P Carmolli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Outcome ◽

Oral Vaccine ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Absolute Difference ◽

Rotavirus Vaccine ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Vaccine Immunogenicity ◽

Cluster Randomized ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Oral vaccines have lower efficacy in developing compared to developed countries. Poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) may contribute to reduced oral vaccine immunogenicity. Methods We conducted a cluster-randomized 2 × 2 factorial trial in rural Zimbabwe. Pregnant women and their infants were eligible if they lived in clusters randomized to (1) standard of care (52 clusters); (2) improved infant feeding (53 clusters); (3) WASH: ventilated improved pit latrine, 2 hand-washing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, infant play space, and hygiene counseling (53 clusters); or (4) feeding plus WASH (53 clusters). This substudy compared oral rotavirus vaccine (RVV) seroconversion (primary outcome), and seropositivity and geometric mean titer (GMT) (secondary outcomes), in WASH vs non-WASH infants by intention-to-treat analysis. Results We included 801 infants with documented RVV receipt and postvaccine titer measurements (329 from 84 WASH clusters; 472 from 102 non-WASH clusters); 328 infants with prevaccination titers were included in the primary outcome. Thirty-three of 109 (30.3%) infants in the WASH group seroconverted following rotavirus vaccination, compared to 43 of 219 (19.6%) in the non-WASH group (absolute difference, 10.6% [95% confidence interval {CI}, .54%–20.7%]; P = .031). In the WASH vs non-WASH groups, 90 of 329 (27.4%) vs 107 of 472 (22.7%) were seropositive postvaccination (absolute difference, 4.7% [95% CI, –1.4% to 10.8%]; P = .130), and antirotavirus GMT was 18.4 (95% CI, 15.6–21.7) U/mL vs 14.9 (95% CI, 13.2–16.8) U/mL (P = .072). Conclusions Improvements in household WASH led to modest but significant increases in seroconversion to RVV in rural Zimbabwean infants. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01824940.

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Impact of HIV-1 CRF55_01B infection on the evolution of CD4 count and plasma HIV RNA load in men who have sex with men prior to antiretroviral therapy

Retrovirology ◽

10.1186/s12977-021-00567-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lan Wei ◽

Hao Li ◽

Xing Lv ◽

Chenli Zheng ◽

Guilian Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Hiv Rna ◽

The Impact ◽

Hiv 1

Abstract Background CRF55_01B is a newly identified HIV-1 circulating recombinant form originated from MSM in China. However, its impact on the disease progression and transmission risk has not been investigated. This study aimed to determine the impact of CRF55_01B infection on viral dynamics and immunological status so as to provide scientific evidence for further control and prevention effort on CRF55_01B. Linear mixed effect models were applied to evaluate CD4 cell count decline and viral load increase by subtype. Results Of the 3418 blood samples, 1446 (42.3%) were CRF07_BC, 1169 (34.2%) CRF01_AE, 467 (13.7%) CRF55_01B, 249 (7.3%) type B, and 87 (2.5%) other subtypes (CRF_08BC, CRF_01B, C). CRF55_01B had become the third predominant strain since 2012 in Shenzhen, China. CRF55_01B-infected MSM showed lower median of CD4 count than CRF07_BC-infected MSM (349.5 [IQR, 250.2–474.8] vs. 370.0 [IQR, 278.0–501.0], P < 0.05). CRF55_01B infection was associated with slower loss of CD4 count than CRF01_AE (13.6 vs. 23.3 [cells/µl]¹/²/year, P < 0.05)among MSM with initial CD4 count of 200–350 cells/µl. On the other hand, those infected with CRF55_01B showed higher median plasma HIV RNA load (5.4 [IQR, 5.0–5.9]) than both CRF01_AE (5.3 [IQR, 4.8–5.7], P < 0.05) and CRF07_BC (5.0 log10 [IQR, 4.5–5.5], P < 0.001) at the initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, the annual increasing rate of viral load for CRF55_01B infection was significantly higher than that of CRF07_BC (2.0 vs. 0.7 log10 copies/ml/year, P < 0.01). Conclusions The relatively lower CD4 count and faster increase of plasma HIV RNA load of CRF55_01B-infected MSM without antiretroviral therapy suggest that CRF55_01B may lead to longer asymptomatic phase and higher risk of HIV transmission. Strengthened surveillance, tailored prevention strategies and interventions, and in-depth research focusing on CRF55_01B are urgently needed to forestall potential epidemic.

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Effect of ART2 on the CD4 count and viral load during treatment of second line ART

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20202123 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 1024

Author(s):

Narendra Singh ◽

R. K. Varma ◽

Richa Giri ◽

Punit Varma ◽

Seema Dwivedi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Mean Value ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Clinical Feature ◽

P Value ◽

Second Line ◽

Institute Of Medicine ◽

Medical College ◽

Before And After ◽

Centre Hospital

Background: AIDS first recognized in US summer of 1981 by the U.S. CDC reported. In 1983 HIV was isolated from a patient of lymphadenopathy. This study was for monitoring the change in CD4 count and viral load of PL HIV before and after one year of second line ART in the period of 2016 to 2018.Methods: Study was single centre hospital based and clinical continuous longitudinal, prospective and retrospective, observational at ART plus Centre, Kanpur K.P.S. Institute of Medicine (G.S.V.M. medical college Kanpur) included the all patients on ART1 attending in centre were screened for treatment failure based on clinical, immunological and virological criteria’s as decided by SACEP from 2016 to 2018.Results: CD4 count at the time of initiation that of second line ART, there is low CD4 count the mean value is 181.44±85.02 in total subject 118 but 12 month of second line ART 2 treatment mean value of CD4 count 413.01±168.70. After Z test application the value is 13.316, p value 0.0001, MD 231.5, CI is 95%.Viral load value at time of start of second line ART mean value is 80683.85849±293449.2038, after 1 to 12 month of start of second line ART treatment mean value is 350.8559±128.1069, for this Z value is 2.972, p value 0.0033.Conclusions: Second line ART is most effective in treatment after failure with first line ART. CD 4 count increase and viral load decrease and clinical feature improve after treatment of ART 2.

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Trends in the Incidence of HIV-Related Hematologic Malignancies in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy and Predictors of HIV-Related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Development and Survival.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v114.22.1916.1916 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 114 (22) ◽

pp. 1916-1916

Author(s):

Linda R Taggart ◽

Pierre K Isogai ◽

Nancy Risebrough ◽

Nicole Mittmann ◽

Anita R Rachlis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Median Survival ◽

Hematologic Malignancies ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Hodgkin's Lymphoma ◽

P Value ◽

Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Abstract Abstract 1916 Poster Board I-939 Introduction: Since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the incidence rates of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) have declined; however, less is known about the rates of other hematologic malignancies such as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and multiple myeloma (MM). We aimed to study changes in the incidence and outcomes of hematologic malignancies (HMs) in the pre- and post-cART eras. Methods: A retrospective analysis of The Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study (OCS) was performed. The OCS is an ongoing prospective study of HIV-infected adults from 11 sites throughout Ontario, Canada. Incidence rates of HMs were calculated for the pre- (<1997) and post-cART (≥ 1997) eras and compared using Poisson regression analysis. Median survival for each HM was calculated using Kaplan Meier techniques and compared using the logrank test. Predictors of NHL and death from NHL including age, sex, CD4 count, viral load, previous AIDS-defining illness, cART era and duration of HIV infection were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard models. All variables except sex were considered time dependent variables. Results: The OCS database included 4118 individuals with 41978 person-years of follow up over 28 years (1980-2008). There was no significant difference in the incidence of HM in the pre- and post-cART eras (3.6 versus 4.1 cases per 1000 person-years, p-value=0.49) although incidence of PCNSL trended downward (0.8 versus 0.4 cases per 1000 person-years, p-value=0.13) and incidence of HL trended upward (0.1 versus 0.4 cases per 1000 person-years, p-value=0.08). Those with HL had the longest median survival, followed by NHL and PCNSL (63, 39 and 4 months respectively). Predictors of NHL development included low CD4 count, high viral load and pre-cART era. Predictors of death following NHL diagnosis were low CD4 count, previous AIDS-defining illness and longer duration of HIV infection. Conclusion: Since the introduction of cART, the overall incidence of HM has not significantly changed in this cohort. However, as fewer individuals in the cART era develop low CD4 counts, high viral loads and AIDS-defining illnesses, reduced incidence of NHL in this cohort and improved survival following NHL may become apparent. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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