scholarly journals Reconstructing SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics through the phylogenetic inference of unsampled sources of infection

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261422
Author(s):  
Deshan Perera ◽  
Ben Perks ◽  
Michael Potemkin ◽  
Andy Liu ◽  
Paul M. K. Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
New York State ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
Sources Of Infection

The COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated the importance of infection tracking. The role of asymptomatic, undiagnosed individuals in driving infections within this pandemic has become increasingly evident. Modern phylogenetic tools that take into account asymptomatic or undiagnosed individuals can help guide public health responses. We finetuned established phylogenetic pipelines using published SARS-CoV-2 genomic data to examine reasonable estimate transmission networks with the inference of unsampled infection sources. The system utilised Bayesian phylogenetics and TransPhylo to capture the evolutionary and infection dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. Our analyses gave insight into the transmissions within a population including unsampled sources of infection and the results aligned with epidemiological observations. We were able to observe the effects of preventive measures in Canada’s “Atlantic bubble” and in populations such as New York State. The tools also inferred the cross-species disease transmission of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from humans to lions and tigers in New York City’s Bronx Zoo. These phylogenetic tools offer a powerful approach in response to both the COVID-19 and other emerging infectious disease outbreaks.

scholarly journals A novel computational approach to reconstruct SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics through the inference of unsampled sources of infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deshan Perera ◽  
Ben Perks ◽  
Michael Potemkin ◽  
Paul Gordon ◽  
John Gill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
New York State ◽  
Transmission Network ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Mobile Populations ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTInfectious diseases such as the COVID19 pandemic cemented the importance of disease tracking. The role of asymptomatic, undiagnosed individuals in driving infection has become evident. Their unaccountability results in ineffective prevention. We developed a pipeline using genomic data to accurately predict a population’s transmission network complete with the inference of unsampled sources. The system utilises Bayesian phylogenetics to capture evolutionary and infection dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. It identified the effectiveness of preventive measures in Canada’s Atlantic bubble and mobile populations such as New York State. Its robustness extends to the prediction of cross-species disease transmission as we inferred SARS-CoV-2 transmission from humans to lions and tigers in New York City’s Bronx Zoo. The proposed method’s ability to generate such complete transmission networks, provides a more detailed insight into the transmission dynamics within a population. This potential frontline tool will be of direct help in “the battle to bend the curve”.

Peronospora sordida. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North America ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Channel Islands ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora sordida. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Scrophularia altaica, S. aquatica, S. auriculata, S. bosniaca, S. californica, S. heterophylla, S. lanceolata, S. marylandica, S. nodosa, S. scopolii, S. umbrosa (=S. alata), Verbascum banaticum, V. blattaria, V. densiflorum (=V. thapsiforme), V. glabratum subsp. glabratum, V. lychnitis, V. nigrum, V. phlomoides, V. phoenicum, V. speciosum, V. thapsus, V. thapsus subsp. crassifolium (=V. montanum), V. virgatum. DISEASE: Downy mildew of Scrophularia and Verbascum, some species of which may be cultivated commercially for their medicinal or ornamental value; an obligately necrotrophic plant pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia; USSR (Kirghizia, Turkmenia, Uzbekistan). Europe; Austria, Belgium, France, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, USSR (Byelorussia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, RSFSR, Ukraine), Sweden, Switzerland, UK (England, Channel Islands, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales), Yugoslavia. North America; USA (California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, Virginia). TRANSMISSION: By spores ('conidia') dispersed by wind or rain-splash. The role of oospores (if they are usually formed) in disease transmission is unknown.

ROLE OF THE CHILD PROTECTIVE ORGANIZATION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-795
Author(s):  
James S. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Child Welfare ◽  
Social Services ◽  
New York State ◽  
York State Department ◽  
Protective Services ◽  
Protective Service ◽  
Child Welfare League ◽  
Abused And Neglected Children

A Review of recent literature and press pronouncements has no doubt left many confused about what degree of concern should be channeled into the problem of the abused child. Part of the confusion results from a tendency to resort to the numbers game in trying to highlight the critical child welfare problems that face this nation, state, and city. Rather than wonder which numbers to believe, or whether physical and emotional battering of children is increasing, I think that the abuse and neglect of children in New York City is of such significant proportions as to justify our dedicated concern. For some years there has been a specialized approach to the problems of the neglected and abused child. This specialized approach has been termed child protective services. It has been developed in response to the problems of abused and neglected children, which the community feels must be looked into and treated. The Child Welfare League defines protective service as "A specialized child welfare service which carries a delegated responsibility to offer help on behalf of any child considered or found to be neglected." The New York State Department of Social Services defines protective services as "Those provided to children living in their own homes who are seriously neglected, abused, or subjected to demoralizing circumstances by their parents or others responsible for their care." Child protective service is not a new service. It has a very illustrious history that really started in this city, back in the late 1800s, through the development of the Society for the Prevention of the Cruelty to Children.

scholarly journals LB16. The Role of Adults in the Measles Outbreak in New York State Outside of New York City, 2018–2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S1000-S1000
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Dufort ◽  
Dylan Johns ◽  
Manisha Patel ◽  
Manisha Patel ◽  
Nina Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
New York State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Material Support ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Collaborative Agreement

Abstract Background The United States is experiencing the largest measles outbreak since elimination was declared in 2000, with the majority of cases in NYS reported in undervaccinated communities. The objective of this evaluation was to describe adult measles cases in the NYS measles outbreak outside of New York City (NYC). Methods We included all confirmed cases aged ≥18 years in NYS residents (excluding NYC) during October 1, 2018–July 25, 2019 that met the CSTE measles case definition. We defined measles cases attributable to adults as the sum of measles cases among adults and children who contracted disease directly from adults. Results Among 371 confirmed measles cases, the median age was 5.5 years (range: 1 day to 64 years); 79 (21%) were in adults, 4 (5%) of whom were born before 1957 (3 unvaccinated and 1 with unknown vaccine status). Among the 75 cases born during or after 1957, 65 (87%) were unvaccinated or had unknown vaccine status, while 3 had one dose and 7 had 2 doses of measles vaccine. Notably, 5 of 11 internationally imported measles cases were adults, and all were unvaccinated or had unknown vaccine status. During the first month of the outbreak, 26 of the 51 (51%) cases were attributable to adults; of the 26, 15 (58%) were in adults and 11 (42%) were in children who acquired infection from adults (Figure 3). Conclusion The majority of measles cases occurred in unvaccinated children emphasizing the importance of ongoing and focused efforts on pediatric vaccination. However, measles cases in unvaccinated adults played an important role in both importations and disease transmission early in the outbreak. These data strongly support current recommendations of 1 dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) for most adults and 2 doses of MMR for adults traveling internationally and at high-risk such as those in outbreak areas, as determined by local/state public health. Disclosures Kirsten St. George, MAppSc, PhD, Akonni Biosystems (Other Financial or Material Support), ThermoFisher (Grant/Research Support), Zeptometrix (Other Financial or Material Support, royalty generating collaborative agreement). .

scholarly journals The Potential Impact of the New York State Smokers’ Quitline on Population-Level Smoking Rates in New York

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4477
Author(s):  
Nathan Mann ◽  
James Nonnemaker ◽  
Kevin Davis ◽  
LeTonya Chapman ◽  
Jesse Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
New York State ◽  
State Level ◽  
Population Level ◽  
York State ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Current Impact

Receiving smoking cessation services from telephone quitlines significantly increases quit success compared with no intervention or other quitting methods. To affect population-level smoking, quitlines must provide a sufficient proportion of smokers with effective interventions. Nationally, quitlines reach around 1% of adult smokers annually. From 2011 through 2016, the average annual reach of the New York State Smokers’ Quitline (NYSSQL) was 2.9%. We used data on the reach and cessation outcomes of NYSSQL to estimate its current impact on population-level smoking prevalence and to estimate how much reach would have to increase to achieve population-level smoking prevalence reductions. We estimate NYSSQL is associated with a 0.02 to 0.04 percentage point reduction in smoking prevalence in New York annually. If NYSSQL achieved the recommended annual reach of 8% (CDC Best Practices) and 16% (NAQC), state-level prevalence would decrease by an estimated 0.07–0.12 and 0.13–0.24 percentage points per year, respectively. To achieve those recommended levels of reach, NYSSQL would need to provide services to approximately 3.5 to 6.9 times more smokers annually. Given their reach, quitlines are limited in their ability to affect population-level smoking. Increasing quitline reach may not be feasible and would likely be cost-prohibitive. It may be necessary to re-think the role of quitlines in tobacco control efforts. In New York, the quitline is being integrated into larger efforts to promote cessation through health systems change.

Seeing Blue: A Police-Centered Explanation of Protest Policing

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Earl ◽  
Sarah Soule
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Local Law Enforcement ◽  
Protest Policing ◽  
Public Protest ◽  
Police Presence ◽  
Using Data

Existing explanations of repression and the policing of protest focus on the interests of political elites, with research indicating that a chief predictor of state repression is the level of threat protesters pose to elite interests. However, prior research has only paid sporadic attention to how the institutional and organizational characteristics of local law enforcement agencies shape the character of protest policing. This article addresses this significant theoretical gap by developing a police-centered, or "blue," approach to protest policing. Using data on the policing of public protest events in New York State between 1968 and 1973, this article finds support for the blue approach. Specifically, the situational threats posed by protesters to those agents who actually perform repression-local police-are critical predictors of police presence and action. Results also show some residual support for the role of elite threats in structuring repression.

scholarly journals Principal Leadership and Reading Specialist Role Understanding In the Era of Test-Based Accountability Policies

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolores Marie Prezyna ◽  
Mark J Garrison ◽  
Carol P Gold ◽  
Hilary A Lockte
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Principal Leadership ◽  
New York State ◽  
Reading Specialist ◽  
Reading Specialists ◽  
Building Administrators ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
Teacher Compliance

This study investigates how the role of the reading specialist (RS) is defined and communicated by principals, and examines to what degree a common understanding of this role exists among teachers, building administrators and reading specialists. The principal’s responsibility in defining and communicating role, and the effect these efforts have on job satisfaction and specialists’ perceived effectiveness is also studied. Eight elementary schools in the western part of New York State (USA) are studied. Based on interviews with principals and reading specialists and surveys completed by principals, reading specialists, and teachers, the following themes emerge: (a.) Principal leadership was essential in defining the RS role; (b.) A clearly defined RS role was associated with greater RS satisfaction and perceptions of effectiveness as well as greater teacher compliance; (c.) Greater teacher compliance with a school’s literacy program did not affect beliefs about the proper role of RSs; (d.) Lack of a clearly defined role in a school was associated with role conflict and role ambiguity for reading specialists; (e.) Reading specialists, even without coaching responsibilities, served as a resource to teachers, although no time was allocated in their schedule to do so; (f.) Reading specialists faced challenges due to increased accountability and assessment demands affected by policy, demographics, and accountability requirements. It is concluded that principals must assume responsibility for defining and communicating the reading specialist role within their schools to strengthen literacy programming.

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