ABSTRACTSince its emergence, the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus has spread rapidly throughout the world. Previously, we reported that most individuals born after 1920 do not have cross-reactive virus-neutralizing antibodies against pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, indicating that they were immunologically naïve to the pandemic virus prior to its emergence. This finding provided us with an excellent opportunity for a seroepidemiological investigation of the transmission mode of the pandemic virus in the community. To gain insight into its transmission within communities, we performed a serosurvey for pandemic virus infection with schoolchildren at an elementary school in Tokyo, Japan, and their parents. We observed a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to the pandemic virus in the children at this school, although the percentage of children positive for the neutralizing antibodies varied among classrooms. While a much lower prevalence was observed among parents, seropositivity of the parents correlated with that of their schoolchildren. Moreover, many adults appeared to have experienced asymptomatic infection with the pandemic virus. These data suggest that the pandemic virus was readily transmitted among schoolchildren in elementary schools and that it was also transmitted from schoolchildren to their parents.
Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies to Pandemic 2009 H1N1 and Recent Seasonal H1N1 Influenza A Strains Influenced by a Mutation in Hemagglutinin Subunit 2
