scholarly journals Molecular Parasitic Plant–Host Interactions

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. e1005978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon B. Saucet ◽  
Ken Shirasu
RNA Biology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Westwood ◽  
Gunjune Kim

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Badstöber ◽  
Claire M. M. Gachon ◽  
Jutta Ludwig-Müller ◽  
Adolf M. Sandbichler ◽  
Sigrid Neuhauser

SummaryPlant-pathogen interactions follow spatiotemporal developmental dynamics where gene expression in pathogen and host undergo crucial changes. It is of great interest to detect, quantify and localise where and when key genes are active or inactive. Here, we adapt single molecule FISH techniques to demonstrate presence and activity of mRNAs using phytomyxids in their plant and algal host from laboratory and field materials. This allowed to monitor and quantify the expression of genes from the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, several species of its Brassica hosts, and of several brown algae, including the genome model Ectocarpus siliculosus, infected with the phytomyxid Maullinia ectocarpii. We show that mRNAs are localised along a spatiotemporal gradient, thus providing proof-of-concept of the usefulness of these methods. These methods are easily adaptable to any interaction between microbes and their algal or plant host, and have the potential to increase our understanding of processes underpinning complex plant-microbe interactions.


2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex A. Blacutt ◽  
Scott E. Gold ◽  
Kenneth A. Voss ◽  
Minglu Gao ◽  
Anthony E. Glenn

The importance of understanding the biology of the mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides and its various microbial and plant host interactions is critical given its threat to maize, one of the world’s most valuable food crops. Disease outbreaks and mycotoxin contamination of grain threaten economic returns and have grave implications for human and animal health and food security. Furthermore, F. verticillioides is a member of a genus of significant phytopathogens and, thus, data regarding its host association, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and other metabolic (degradative) capabilities are consequential to both basic and applied research efforts across multiple pathosystems. Notorious among its secondary metabolites are the fumonisin mycotoxins, which cause severe animal diseases and are implicated in human disease. Additionally, studies of these mycotoxins have led to new understandings of F. verticillioides plant pathogenicity and provide tools for research into cellular processes and host–pathogen interaction strategies. This review presents current knowledge regarding several significant lines of F. verticillioides research, including facets of toxin production, virulence, and novel fitness strategies exhibited by this fungus across rhizosphere and plant environments.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Casadesús ◽  
Sergi Munné-Bosch

Abstract Although photosynthesis is essential to sustain life on Earth, not all plants use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Holoparasitic plants, which are important in agricultural and natural ecosystems, are dependent on other plants for nutrients. Phytohormones are crucial in holoparasitic plant–host interactions, from seed germination to senescence, not only because they act as growth and developmental regulators, but also because of their central role in the regulation of host photosynthesis and source–sink relations between the host and the holoparasitic plant. Here, we compile and discuss current knowledge on the impact and ecophysiology of holoparasitic plants (such as the broomrapes Orobanche sp. and Phelipanche sp.) that infest economically important dicotyledonous crops in Mediterranean agroecosystems (legumes [Fabaceae], sunflowers [Helianthus sp.] or tomato [Solanum lycopersicum] plants). We also highlight the role of holoparasitic plant–host interactions (such as those between Cytinus hypocistis and various shrubs of the genus Cistus) in shaping natural Mediterranean ecosystems. The roles of phytohormones in controlling plant–host interactions, abiotic factors in parasitism, and the biological significance of natural seed banks and how dormancy and germination are regulated, will all be discussed. Holoparasitic plants are unique organisms; improving our understanding of their interaction with hosts as study models will help us to better manage parasitic plants, both in agricultural and natural ecosystems.


1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1252-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diethart Matthies

Growth, reproduction, and biomass allocation were studied in three perennial root hemiparasites, Castilleja integra Gray, Castilleja miniata Dougl., Castilleja chromosa A. Nels., and the annual hemiparasite Orthocarpus purpurascens Benth. grown either without or with a host plant. In addition, the effects of the hemiparasites on the host plants were investigated. All four hemiparasites could grow without a host, indicating that they are facultative parasites; O. purpurascens and C. chromosa produced flowers without a host. However, shoot mass of parasites with a host was 3–41 times that of parasites without a host. For C. miniata, C. chromosa, and O. purpurascens the growth of parasites grown with the legume Medicago sativa L. was compared with that of parasites grown with the grass Lolium perenne L. The legume was consistently a more beneficial host than the grass. In C. miniata and C. chromosa, patterns of biomass allocation were also influenced by the host type. The proportion of biomass allocated to roots was lower in parasites grown with the legume than in plants without a host, whereas it was higher in parasites grown with the grass. The parasites had strong negative effects on host growth, but the extent of host damage depended on the particular parasite–host combination. Castilleja chromosa and O. purpurascens affected the growth of the legume more strongly than that of the grass, whereas C. miniata affected the grass more strongly than the legume. Grasses parasitized by C. miniata allocated more biomass to roots than unparasitized grasses. In the other parasite–host associations the pattern of biomass allocation of the host was not influenced by parasitization. Because the biomass produced by the four hemiparasites was lower than the reduction in host biomass caused by parasitism, the parasites reduced total productivity. Therefore, the studied hemiparasites may potentially affect the structure and diversity of their communities. Key words: biomass allocation, host damage, parasite benefit, parasitic plant.


2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Aníbal L. Tapiero

<p>Los procesos que siguen al encuentro de un hongo fitopatógeno con su hospedero potencial son extraordinariamente complejos. Las especies fuera del rango de hospederos deben ser descartadas inmediatamente y los hospederos potenciales deben ser escogidos coincidiendo con el correcto estado de desarrollo durante el cual éstos son vulnerables. Independientemente del hábito de crecimiento del patógeno (necrotrófico o biotrófico), el proceso de infección debe ser operado con base en el tiempo. La germinación y el desarrollo de las unidades infectivas mientras el hospedero está desplegando sus mecanismos de defensa llevarían al patógeno a su desaparición. De alguna manera, la unidad infectiva del patógeno debe reconocer a su hospedero, eludir las barreras iniciales de defensa e iniciar el proceso de infección. Las condiciones ambientales juegan un papel importante durante el intercambio hospedero-patógeno. La germinación de la unidad infectiva es determinada por el ambiente y debe coincidir con el momento más adecuado para alcanzar el sitio de penetración. El proceso ulterior induce un delicado sistema de intercambio de señales físicas y químicas entre la unidad de germinación y la epidermis del hospedero potencial. Una vez ocurrida la penetración, el patógeno procede a ubicar las vías y a desarrollar los medios adecuados para llegar hasta las células apropiadas para su desarrollo; bien sea disolviendo enzimáticamente la pared celular del tejido del hospedero o generando la turgencia necesaria para penetrar la epidermis, el patógeno se disemina intra o extracelularmente hasta alcanzar las células de donde derivará su sustento, causando la infección. Durante el proceso de infección, el hospedero desplegará mecanismos pasivos y activos de defensa. Mecanismos pasivos como barreras físicas o configuraciones especializadas en el tejido epidermal, o la presencia de compuestos fito-patogénicos en las células sujetas a la invasión son comunes entre las plantas. Respuestas activas incluyen la producción de sustancias fungi-tóxicas al encuentro con patógenos Potenciales, producto de metabolismos primarios y secundarios. Se han estudiado diferentes compuestos desarrollados tanto para el ataque del patógeno, como para la defensa del hospedero. Algunos de ellos son únicos entre ciertos géneros, especies, variedades, formas y aún cepas específicas en plantas y hongos. El hecho de no ser esenciales para la vida de las plantas y de los hongos en general, les ha valido su denominación de secundarios. Su extraordinario papel en el conjunto de procesos que gobiernan las relaciones hospedero-patógeno ha sido demostrada en varios sistemas en particular y esta revisión se propone, con ejemplos, demostrar su importancia para el mejor entendimiento de las enfermedades de las plantas.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Importance of Plant and Fungal Secondary Metabolites in Plant Diseases.</strong></p><p>The processes that follow the encounter of a fungal pathogen with a potential plant host are remarkably complex. Non-hosts must be discarded at once and hosts must be chosen carefully at the stage they are vulnerable to attack. Whether the invader is a necrotroph or a biotroph, these actions must be performed on a timely basis. While the targeted host is displaying defensive strategies, germinating and developing the subsequent structures for infection will cos the potential pathogen to fail. Somehow the infective units must recognize its host, avoid the initial defensive barriers and start developing the appropriate infection processes. Environmental factors seem to play a definitive role in the interplay, not only by providing the general conditions for germination, but also by doing so at the adequate time. Once the infection unit germinates, the following task is to encounter a site for penetration and this usually involves a delicate physical and chemical signaling process between the germination unit and the host epidermis After penetration, the invader must find ways to reach the target cells, either by dissolving the host cell wall or by developing structures to further invade and spread within the host tissue; then the pathogen reaches the site where nutrients are stored to establish firmly originating the disease. On the other hand the host passively or actively displays mechanisms of defense. Passive mechanisms like physical barriers or pre-formed compounds are common to plants. Active mechanisms, like the turning up of normal and secondary biosynthetic processes to counterattack the invader, are also observed. Different compounds, for attacking as well as for defending, are also found. Some of them are unique to genera, species, varieties, forms and even strains of plants and/or fungi. Regarded as not common to all organism (not necessary for life) these are "secondary" compounds, but only in the sense of distinguishing them from the otherwise common "primary" metabolites. The role of secondary metabolites in pathogen-host interactions has been proved remarkably for several fungal plant disease .The purpose of this review is to describe and present some examples pertaining to their importance for plant disease.</p>


1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Puustinen ◽  
Veikko Salonen

We determined in a greenhouse experiment whether experimental defoliation of the host affects the performance of the parasitic plant and whether the effects on the success of the parasite depend on the host species. We also asked whether two species of grass hosts differ in response to simultaneous defoliation and hemiparasitic infection. The experiment had a complete 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design, with host species (Poa annua L. or Poa pratensis L.) combined with defoliation (undefoliated, 50% defoliated, or 100% defoliated) and hemiparasitic infection (parasitized or unparasitized). Defoliation reduced the final biomass of both host species. However, total biomass and the number of flowers produced by the hemiparasitic Rhinanthus serotinus (Schönh.) Oborny was reduced only when the host was P. annua and when the host was completely defoliated. Rhinanthus infection significantly decreased the final biomass of both host species. However, the two hosts differed in their responses: the biomass of undefoliated P. annua plants was reduced four times more than that of undefoliated P. pratensis plants. The results indicate that the relative value of different host species depends on the intensity of defoliation.Key words: root hemiparasite, host defoliation, host-parasite interaction, Poa annua, Poa pratensis, Rhinanthus serotinus.


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