Decomposition of the gender wage gap in Portugal, 1998–2007: The evidence of gender discrimination

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to get deeper insight into the measurement of gender wage gap. A proper method to identify which part of gender wage differences is due to discrimination against women is provided, and the relationship between wage differences and education is studied. Design/methodology/approach The stochastic frontier approach is employed to measure wage discrimination against women by using Spanish data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. Mentioned technique allows the authors to split the gender wage gap of workers displaying the same characteristics into two components: the first measures inefficiency in the job search process caused by imperfect information or gender differences concerning preferences regarding working conditions, where as the second takes account of discrimination. Findings A significant level of discrimination is found in the Spanish labour market at all educational levels, but this problem is quantitatively more important when low-educated workers are studied, and gender discrimination is lower for highly educated women. Originality/value In this paper, workers’ potential wage is estimated, and gender discrimination is measured by the gender potential wage gap, since it is not dependent on other wage determinants such as diverse preferences, unmeasured working abilities or imperfect information.

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Dynamism in the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from Pakistan

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v46i4iipp.865-882 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 46 (4II) ◽

pp. 865-882 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Muhammad Sabir ◽

Zehra Aftab

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Labour Force ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Wage Distribution ◽

Socioeconomic Indicators ◽

Almost All

One of the main caveats of Pakistan’s economic development history is the persistence of gender inequality with respect to almost all socioeconomic indicators. For instance, Pakistan ranks 66, out of 75 countries, with respect to the Gender Empowerment Measure (Human Development Report, 2006) with a GEM value of 0.377, largely a manifestation of very low estimated female to male earned income ratio, which is a depressing 0.29. GEM and other labour force statistics confirm the gender gap in labour force participation. One of the possible explanations of this gender gap is gender discrimination in the labour market, particularly in wages. Evidence with respect to gender discrimination in Pakistan’s labour market is welldocumented. Siddique, et al. (2006), Nasir and Nazli (2000), Siddique, et al. (1998) and Ashraf and Ashraf (1993) all confirm that men earn higher wages than women even after controlling for measurable characteristics affecting their productivity. These studies, however, analyse the gender wage gap by comparing the mean male/female wage. Studies which compare the gender wage gap at different points along the wage distribution are not available for Pakistan.

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The gender wage gap and sample selection via risk attitudes

International Journal of Manpower ◽

10.1108/ijm-08-2015-0136 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 318-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

SeEun Jung

Keyword(s):

Gender Discrimination ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Sample Selection ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Risk Attitudes ◽

Content Type ◽

The Public ◽

The Individual

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider a new way of estimating the gender wage gap by introducing individual risk attitudes that is applied to representative Korean data. Design/methodology/approach The selection bias via risk attitudes results in the overestimation of this wage gap. Women are more risk averse and hence prefer not to be active in the labour market or, if they are active, prefer to work in the public sector, where wages are generally lower than in the private sector. This paper explains the reduced gender wage gap by developing an appropriate sample-selection model, with wage decompositions corrected for selection. Findings Self-selection based on risk attitudes is shown to partly explain the gap that is popularly perceived as reflecting gender discrimination. Originality/value It is the first attempt to explain the gender wage gap by looking at the individual risk preference through work status selection.

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The Gender Wage Gap in the Vietnamese Transition, 1993–2008

Journal of Vietnamese Studies ◽

10.1525/vs.2018.13.4.71 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 71-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Huong Thu Le ◽

Ha Trong Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Gender Discrimination ◽

Sharp Increase ◽

Major Part ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Wage Growth ◽

Increasing Returns ◽

High Wage ◽

The Mean

This essay examines wages and the gender wage gap between 1993 and 2008 in Vietnam. Our results reveal a slight increase in the mean of the gender wage gap from 2002 to 2008, which is mainly driven by a sharp increase in the gender wage gap for low-wage workers. Decomposition results suggest that the major part of the gender wage gap attributes to gender discrimination. While gender discrimination decreases for high-wage workers, it increases for low-wage workers. Over the period, wage growth is partly explained by changes in average characteristics but mainly due to increasing returns.

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Gender Wage Gap in Hospitality

Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research ◽

10.1177/1096348020909423 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 109634802090942

Author(s):

Xisco Oliver ◽

Maria Sard

Keyword(s):

Quantile Regression ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Wage Distribution ◽

Economic Sector ◽

Skilled Workers ◽

Unskilled Workers ◽

Hospitality Sector ◽

And Gender

This article analyzes the gender wage gap in the hospitality sector. First, it explores whether the gender wage gap is partly explained by the economic sector. Second, it measures how this gap changes across the wage distribution using quantile regression. Third, it decomposes the gender wage gap in the hospitality sector to distinguish which part can be explained by observed attributes and which part is explained by other factors (unobserved characteristics or gender discrimination). Methodologically, this article introduces the use of quantile regression to the analysis of the gender wage gap and its decomposition in the hospitality sector. The main findings are as follows. First, on average in the hospitality sector, wages (without taking into account worker skills) are below the overall average wages. However, if a deeper look is taken, this research reveals that unskilled workers are better paid in hospitality than in most of the other sectors. The opposite is true for skilled workers, since mid- and high-wage workers in the hospitality sector receive wages below their counterparts in other sectors. Second, the gender wage gap is particularly low in the hospitality sector and the gap changes across the wage distribution. Third, a large part of the gender wage gap in hospitality is not explained by worker or company characteristics. The segregation of women into worse-paid jobs and gender discrimination (or unobserved characteristics) seem to be the main sources of the gender wage gap.

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The gender wage gap and the presence of foreign firms in Vietnam: evidence from unconditional quantile regression decomposition

Journal of Economic Studies ◽

10.1108/jes-10-2020-0506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Dao Dinh Nguyen ◽

Xinran Zhang ◽

Trang Huyen Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Quantile Regression ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Wage Distribution ◽

Foreign Firms ◽

Content Type ◽

Foreign Companies ◽

Unconditional Quantile Regression ◽

Quantile Regression Decomposition

PurposeThe objective of this study is to estimate the gender wage gap in Vietnam and its rural and urban areas, especially with the presence of foreign firms.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use cross-sectional data from three rounds of the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS 2008, 2012, and 2016) to investigate this issue. The unconditional quantile regression and Oaxaca–Blinder (OB) decomposition are used in this article.FindingsThe article finds the gender wage gap favouring men, especially in higher quantiles of the wage distribution. The gap in urban Vietnam was higher than in rural areas. The OB decomposition indicates that gender wage gap is mainly driven by gender discrimination. The differences in return to participation in foreign companies only contributed significantly and positively to such a gap in some models. It suggests that the gap in those models is affected by gender discrimination in employment opportunities in foreign companies. Regarding the endowment effect, some models provide the significantly negative impacts of foreign firms on gender wage inequality.Originality/valueThe study suggests that policies to reduce the gender wage gap should pay more attention to foreign firms, especially at higher wage classes.

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Has the gender wage gap narrowed or widened in a decade? Some recent evidence from the Turkish labor market

Volume 1, Issue 1 - Journal of Applied Microeconometrics ◽

10.53753/jame.1.1.01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Fulden KÖMÜRYAKAN ◽

Metehan YILGÖR

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Stage Model ◽

Data Set ◽

Labor Market Discrimination ◽

Decomposition Approach ◽

Female Employees ◽

Wage Disparities

The principal objective of this study is to determine the variation in the gender wage gap in the last decade of the Turkish labor market and reveal possible factors that drive the wage disparities. Therefore, the data set covers the Household Budget Statistics surveys 2009 and 2018. In order to prevent biased results, the empirical strategy contains the two-stage model estimation and selectivity corrected decomposition approach. The findings claim a widening gender wage gap in a decade. The portion of the gender wage gap resulting from the labor market discrimination tends to increase whereas the wage gap based on the gender differences in characteristics decreases. Despite the decrease, if the female employees had the same characteristics as males, their mean wages would be higher. Moreover, the gender wage gap attributable to gender discrimination in the labor market continues to increase.

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