scholarly journals Comparative safety and efficacy of two bivalent vaccines containing Newcastle disease LaSota and avian influenza H9N2 Sidrap isolate formulated with different oil adjuvants

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2493-2501
Author(s):  
Jossie Intan Cahyani ◽  
Sitarina Widyarini ◽  
Michael Haryadi Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Bivalent Vaccine ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽  
White Mineral

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) are two devastating diseases of poultry, which cause great economic losses to the poultry industry and disrupt food security in our country. The use of ND-AI inactive bivalent vaccine is very effective and economical to prevent and control ND and AI disease. Bivalent ND LaSota-AI H9N2 vaccine is not yet available in Indonesia. The inactivated vaccines used in poultry industry often require oil adjuvant to elicit a sufficient immune response. This study aimed to develop the bivalent inactive vaccines containing ND LaSota and AI H9N2 Sidrap isolate which are local isolates as poultry vaccine candidates, and formulated with two different commercial adjuvants, then compared. Materials and Methods: Two vaccines bivalent were prepared by emulsifying inactivated Newcastle disease virus (LaSota strain) and AI H9N2 Sidrap isolate viruses with Marcol white mineral oil and Montanide ISA70 adjuvants. Both of bivalent vaccines were tested for safety (physical and histopathological at the injection site) and efficacy in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Parameters used for the evaluation of the efficacy were immunogenicity by hemagglutination inhibition and protection percentage. Results: Both bivalent vaccines are safe to use. Post-vaccination (PV) immune response was observed using a hemagglutination inhibition test at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks of PV. The bivalent vaccine B gives a better immune response to ND at 2, 3, and 4 weeks of PV (p<0.05) compared to the bivalent vaccine A, but in 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks, the PV does not show differences in the immune response. The immune response to AI H9N2 showed differences at weeks 2 and 3 PV (p<0.05) with the bivalent vaccine B indicated higher immunity. A single immunization with both bivalent vaccines induces 100% protection in chickens that have been vaccinated against the deadly challenge with the virulent ND virus. Conclusion: Both of bivalent vaccines are safe to use and provide good efficacy against virulent ND viruses, but bivalent vaccine B (with Montanide ISA70 adjuvant) shows better immune response than bivalent vaccine A (Marcol white mineral oil adjuvant).

RECENT UPDATES ON MOLECULAR DETECTION OF H9N2 AS LOW PATHOGENIC STRAIN OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS FROM POULTRY FARMS OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mubeen Sajjad ◽  
Majeeda Rasheed
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Ha Gene ◽  
Primer Sets

H9N2 avian influenza outbreaks have caused great economic losses to the poultry industry in recent decades due to a decrease of egg production, high morbidity, and mortality. Due to different antigenic variants, Influenza virus has become problematical because it has the ability to cross the species barrier. As it is highly pathogenic so its diagnosis and vaccines are of high importance. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test is mostly used for subtyping and detection of antibody titer against the virus. Furthermore, its continuous mutations in the HA gene transforms AIV subtype H9N2 (a low pathogenic subtype) into high pathogenic virus subtypes like H5N2 and H7N7 that may have pandemic potential. Thus, it is necessary to identify various antigenic variants of Influenza virus, so it is direly needed to study the HA gene, its attachment to host receptors, the release of genetic material and pathogenicity. In the present study, virus samples from poultry were isolated. Both serological and molecular confirmation was done for 100 samples collected from the different area. They were properly labeled and prepared for the process of egg inoculation in embryonated eggs. The virus was grown in amnioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs and harvested fluid is then proceeded for confirmatory testing. Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination inhibition testing was done. RNA was extracted by the kit method and cDNA was synthesized. Reverse transcriptase (RTPCR) was performed using specific primer sets and then the PCR product was run on agarose gel. The bands obtained were sent for sequencing.

scholarly journals Evaluation of immunity and protection in chicken administered a developed vaccine against predominant Middle Eastern strains of genotypes VI and VII of velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soonham Sami Yaghmoor` ◽  
Taha Abdullah Kumosani ◽  
Elie Kamil Barbour ◽  
Othman Abubaker Baothman
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bivalent Vaccine ◽  
Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
H Protein

Abstract Background The velogenic-Newcastle Disease Virus (v-NDV) causes an important disease in chicken, associated with serious economic losses to the global poultry industry. This research evaluated the immunity in broilers administered a developed bivalent vaccine, aiming at protection against predominant Middle Eastern strains of genotypes VI and VII of v-NDV. The completely randomized design implemented in this evaluation included eight treatments, differing in birds being administered or deprived of the developed vaccine, with a difference in type of challenge, either by v-NDV strain(s) of genotype VI, VII, or both. Vaccination was administered subcutaneously at 6 and 21 d of age, followed by an intra-pectoral challenge at the age of 28 d. Results The acquired humoral immunity by vaccinated and challenged birds to Hemagglutinin (H) protein was the highest at market age of 40 d, compared to challenged birds deprived of vaccination, and to vaccinates deprived of challenge (P<0.05). The same statistical difference pattern was obtained by the cell-mediated immunity (CMI), represented by birds’ level of serum IFN- γ . The type of challenge by either strain(s) of genotype VI, VII, or VI+VII did affect statistically the cross reactivity of acquired humoral immunity specific to H protein of homologous versus heterologous strains. The absence of humoral immunity and the low IFN- γ levels at 28 d of age in challenged birds deprived of vaccination lead to highest mortality, and lowest performance compared to vaccinates and challenged, vaccinates and deprived of challenge, and unvaccinated-unchallenged birds (P<0.05). Conclusions The developed bivalent vaccine was able to induce enough humoral and CMI responses, enabling protection of the broilers against production losses by each of the three types of v-NDV challenges. It is recommended to conduct future studies to evaluate such types of vaccines in chicken breeders and commercial layers, reared in various world’s zones with existing endemicity of v-NDV.

scholarly journals Effect of Avian Influenza H9N2 Subtype Virus Infection on Backyard Poultry Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
H9n2 Subtype ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
The World ◽  
Avian Influenza H9n2

Avian influenza is a viral pandemic disease of humans and birds, including commercial and house poultry. Avian influenza is a major concern around the world, which causes serious economic losses in the poultry industry, mainly in home backyard poultry. The backyard poultry is the potential source of income for rural people and indirectly contributes to decreasing the poverty of household women. Besides, in many developing countries, villagers full fill a part of their food demand by the backyard poultry; however, this sector is directly affected by biosecurity risks, including high and low pathogenic avian influenza infections like avian influenza H9N2 subtype. Avian influenza H9N2 subtype has low pathogenic zoonotic importance but still causes serious threats to the poultry industry. The backyard poultry industry is directly affected by this infection due to direct contact with wild migratory birds locating in different regions of the world. Antigenic drift and shift are one of the major conflicts of this infection resulting from a few days to a few months up to many years and also the main reason for the uncontrollable mutation in this infection. All over the world, there is no serious action taken to prevent the H9N2 subtype infection in backyard poultry. This situation has become severe because of the widespread of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in the past few years.

scholarly journals Generation and Evaluation of Recombinant Thermostable Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing the HA of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1606
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Zhang ◽  
Zongyi Bo ◽  
Chenchen Meng ◽  
Yin Chen ◽  
Chengcheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Tail Domain ◽  
H9n2 Avian Influenza Virus

H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become endemic in many countries, causing great economic losses when co-infected with other pathogens. So far, several live vaccines based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectors expressing influenza hemagglutinin (HA) have been developed. However, the thermostable recombinant NDV is rarely reported. In this study, using a thermostable NDV rAHR09 strain as the vector, three recombinant NDVs expressing native HA, chimeric HA ectodomain with transmembrane domain/C-terminal cytoplasmic tail domain from fusion protein of NDV, and HA ectodomain were generated, designated rAHR09-HA, rAHR09-HAF, and rAHR09-HAE. The MDT value of three recombinant NDVs was above 120 h, their ICPI value was about 0.03, and the recombinant NDVs were still infectious when treated for 100 min under 56 °C, which demonstrated that the recombinant NDVs kept the lentogenic and thermostable nature of rAHR09. The immunization data showed that rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF induced a higher HI antibody titer against H9N2 AIV and NDV. After being challenged with H9N2 AIV, the rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF could significantly reduce the virus shedding in cloacal and tracheal swab samples. Our results suggest that rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF might be vaccine candidates against H9N2 AIV.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus and Avian Influenza Virus (H7N3) in Poultry at Karachi

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Amjad Ali Channa ◽  
Nazeer Hussain Kalhoro ◽  
Zaheer Ahmed Nizamani ◽  
Ayaz Hussain Mangi ◽  
Jamila Soomro
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Agar Gel

Background: Poultry is largest and rapidly growing sector of livestock in Pakistan. It is mainly influenced by viral pathogens such as Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Avian Influenza Virus (H7N3). These viruses cause severe disease in poultry and leads to heavy economic losses throughout the world. The outbreaks of these pathogens have been increased in last few decades. Therefore, the study about antigenic prevalence is needed to know about the emergence of these pathogenic viruses, and to get rid of severe ailments associated with reduced poultry production. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), Avian Influenza Virus (H7N3) and co-infections in poultry flocks at Karachi. Methodology: For detection of NDV and H7N3, a total of 200 tracheal swabs were collected and tested through virus isolation (V.I); the sample with positive virus isolation were tested through agar gel precipitation (AGP) and then the RNA was isolated through TRI Reagent, which was further tested through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The virus isolation showed that 58% of samples were positive for various viruses. Agar gel precipitation (AGP) revealed that the occurrence of NDV, H7N3 and ND+H7 were 50%, 8% and 38%, respectively. RT-PCR for F and HA gene of NDV and H7N3 confirmed the presence of NDV and H7N3 in the poultry. Conclusion: It is concluded that NDV and H7N3 are circulating in the flocks causing co-infections, therefore it is important to know the field challenge of viruses and to prepare vaccine of circulating serotype of virus to mitigate the rate of infection.

scholarly journals Comparative investigations of sensitivity and specificity of immunoenzyme probe and inhibition hemagglutination test in serological diagnostics of newcastle disease in poultry

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Nenad Milic ◽  
Jakov Nisavic ◽  
Marina Radojicic ◽  
Marina Sekler ◽  
Kazimir Matovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽  
Serological Diagnostics

Comparative investigations of the sensitivity and specificity of the indirect immunoenzyme probe - iELISA and the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI test) in serological diagnostics of the Newcastle disease in poultry were carried out using samples of blood serum taken from non-vaccinated and vaccinated poultry. A total of 14 samples of blood serum from non-vaccinated poultry were examined using the immunoenzyme probe - iELISA, and nine of these were found to be positive to the presence of specific antigen against the Newcastle disease virus, while two samples were suspect, and no presence of specific antibodies was established in three samples. Examinations of 82 samples of blood serum from vaccinated poultry for the presence of specific antibodies against the Newcastle disease virus established their presence in 80 serum samples, while one sample was suspect and one sample was negative. The values of the titer of specific antibodies in blood serum samples of vaccinated and non-vaccinated poultry established using the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI test) ranged from 1:2 to 1:32.

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