scholarly journals Effect of Avian Influenza H9N2 Subtype Virus Infection on Backyard Poultry Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
H9n2 Subtype ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
The World ◽  
Avian Influenza H9n2

Avian influenza is a viral pandemic disease of humans and birds, including commercial and house poultry. Avian influenza is a major concern around the world, which causes serious economic losses in the poultry industry, mainly in home backyard poultry. The backyard poultry is the potential source of income for rural people and indirectly contributes to decreasing the poverty of household women. Besides, in many developing countries, villagers full fill a part of their food demand by the backyard poultry; however, this sector is directly affected by biosecurity risks, including high and low pathogenic avian influenza infections like avian influenza H9N2 subtype. Avian influenza H9N2 subtype has low pathogenic zoonotic importance but still causes serious threats to the poultry industry. The backyard poultry industry is directly affected by this infection due to direct contact with wild migratory birds locating in different regions of the world. Antigenic drift and shift are one of the major conflicts of this infection resulting from a few days to a few months up to many years and also the main reason for the uncontrollable mutation in this infection. All over the world, there is no serious action taken to prevent the H9N2 subtype infection in backyard poultry. This situation has become severe because of the widespread of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in the past few years.

Opposite outcomes of the within-host competition between highly and low pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses in chickens compared to ducks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Bessière ◽  
Thomas Figueroa ◽  
Amelia Coggon ◽  
Charlotte Foret-Lucas ◽  
Alexandre Houffschmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emerge from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) through the introduction of basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Following viral evolution, the newly formed HPAIV likely represents a minority variant within the index host, predominantly infected with the LPAIV precursor. Using reverse-genetics engineered H5N8 viruses differing solely at the HA cleavage, we tested the hypothesis that the interaction between the minority HPAIV and the majority LPAIV could modulate the risk of HPAIV emergence and that the nature of the interaction could depend on the host species. In chickens, we observed that the H5N8 LP increased H5N8 HP replication and pathogenesis. By contrast, the H5N8 LP antagonized H5N8 HP replication and pathogenesis in ducks. Ducks mounted a more potent antiviral innate immune response than chickens against the H5N8 LP , which correlated with H5N8 HP inhibition. These data provide experimental evidence that HPAIV may be more likely to emerge in chickens than in ducks and underscore the importance of within-host viral variants interactions in viral evolution. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses represent a threat to poultry production systems and to human health because of their impact on food security and because of their zoonotic potential. It is therefore crucial to better understand how these viruses emerge. Using a within-host competition model between highly and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, we provide evidence that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses could be more likely to emerge in chickens than in ducks. These results have important implications for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus emergence prevention and they underscore the importance of within-host viral variants interactions in virus evolution.

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Migratory Waterfowl in a Region of High Poultry Production, Delmarva, Maryland

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diann J. Prosser ◽  
Christine L. Densmore ◽  
Larry J. Hindman ◽  
Deborah D. Iwanowicz ◽  
Chris A. Ottinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Migratory Waterfowl ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

scholarly journals Outbreak evaluation of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Giasuddin ◽  
ME Haque ◽  
AHM Kamal ◽  
MR Islam ◽  
A Jahangir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Complex Situation ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Bangladesh first experienced outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 in poultry 2007 and by December 2012 a total of five hundred fifty six (556) outbreaks have been reported of which four hundred ninety nine (499) outbreaks occur in commercial poultry farm as against only fifty seven (57) in backyard poultry chicken. The virus appeared to be a deadly pathogen causing a total of six hundred eight (608) human cases with three hundred fifty nine (359) deaths in the world. In Bangladesh seven (7) human cases have been reported with a singular mortality of a child acquiring the infection from household poultry. There had been six epidemic waves of AI outbreaks in Bangladesh since March 2007 and other new waves seem to have started. From the six year’s incidence analysis it was found that higher number of outbreaks occurred in the month of February followed by March. The outbreak started from the middle to late winter and continued up to summer. The phylogenetic analysis of viruses isolated till 2010 revealed only one clade 2.2 virus circulating in Bangladesh. But from 2011 two new clades 2.3.2 and 2.3.4 viruses have been introduced. In 2012, it was observed that Clade 2.2 viruses that was in circulation since 2007 were replaced by 2.3.2.1 viruses. Extensive backyard poultry including a large number of ducks, dense human population, and economic dependence of poor people on poultry with low awareness about risk of infection, live bird trading and poor bio-security were critical factors in the spread of avian influenza infection that posses key challenge in rapid containment. Because of the complex situation in poultry production and marketing system, attempts to control this disease through stamping out and bio-security measures have apparently failed in Bangladesh.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 44-49, Jan-Dec 2012

scholarly journals Genotypic diversity of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 2182-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Ming Zhao ◽  
Kennedy F. Shortridge ◽  
Maricarmen Garcia ◽  
Yi Guan ◽  
Xiu-Feng Wan
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Outbreaks

Besides enormous economic losses to the poultry industry, recent H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) originating in eastern Asia have posed serious threats to public health. Up to April 17, 2008, 381 human cases had been confirmed with a mortality of more than 60 %. Here, we attempt to identify potential progenitor genes for H5N1 HPAIVs since their first recognition in 1996; most were detected in the Eurasian landmass before 1996. Combinations among these progenitor genes generated at least 21 reassortants (named H5N1 progenitor reassortant, H5N1-PR1–21). H5N1-PR1 includes A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996(H5N1). Only reassortants H5N1-PR2 and H5N1-PR7 were associated with confirmed human cases: H5N1-PR2 in the Hong Kong H5N1 outbreak in 1997 and H5N1-PR7 in laboratory confirmed human cases since 2003. H5N1-PR7 also contains a majority of the H5N1 viruses causing avian influenza outbreaks in birds, including the first wave of genotype Z, Qinghai-like and Fujian-like virus lineages. Among the 21 reassortants identified, 13 are first reported here. This study illustrates evolutionary patterns of H5N1 HPAIVs, which may be useful toward pandemic preparedness as well as avian influenza prevention and control.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity of Early Host Response to Infection with Four Low-Pathogenic H7 Viruses with a Different Evolutionary History in the Field

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2323
Author(s):  
Gianpiero Zamperin ◽  
Alice Bianco ◽  
Jacqueline Smith ◽  
Alessio Bortolami ◽  
Lonneke Vervelde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Transcriptomic Sequencing ◽  
History Of

Once low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) of the H5 and H7 subtypes from wild birds enter into poultry species, there is the possibility of them mutating into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), resulting in severe epizootics with up to 100% mortality. This mutation from a LPAIV to HPAIV strain is the main cause of an AIV’s major economic impact on poultry production. Although AIVs are inextricably linked to their hosts in their evolutionary history, the contribution of host-related factors in the emergence of HPAI viruses has only been marginally explored so far. In this study, transcriptomic sequencing of tracheal tissue from chickens infected with four distinct LP H7 viruses, characterized by a different history of pathogenicity evolution in the field, was implemented. Despite the inoculation of a normalized infectious dose of viruses belonging to the same subtype (H7) and pathotype (LPAI), the use of animals of the same age, sex and species as well as the identification of a comparable viral load in the target samples, the analyses revealed a heterogeneity in the gene expression profile in response to infection with each of the H7 viruses administered.

scholarly journals Epidemic situation of Avian influenza in Ukraine and in the world during 2019–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
M. A. Sapachova ◽  
M. I. Sushko ◽  
S. S. Mandyhra ◽  
O. M. Movchun ◽  
A. O. Skorokhod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
State Control ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
The World ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

The aim of the work was to analyze current epidemic situation on highly pathogenic avian influenza worldwide and in Ukraine during 2019–2020. The research was conducted in the framework of state control of infectious animal diseases. The results of PCR tests obtained in the State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise and in regional state laboratories, data of OIE website (http://www.oie.int) in 2019 and 2020 were analyzed and summarized. During 2019–2020 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza were detected in 53 countries of the World: in Europe — 22, in Asia — 21, in Africa — 7, in America — 2, and in Australia — 1. In 2019 there was not registered any case of the highly pathogenic avian influenza in Ukraine. In 2020 nine outbreaks of avian influenza were registered in commercial poultry farms (n = 2) and backyards (n = 7) of Vinnytsia, Mykolaiv, Kyiv, and Kherson regions of Ukraine. It was confirmed that all characterized viruses were closely related and belonged to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b identical to the avian influenza viruses currently circulating in Europe and Asia. Wild birds were identified as the main modes of HPAIV spread

scholarly journals Isolation of a Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N2) Virus in Egypt

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naglaa M. Hagag ◽  
Ahmed M. Erfan ◽  
Mohamed El-Husseiny ◽  
Azhar G. Shalaby ◽  
Mohamed A. Saif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n2 Virus ◽  
Domestic Poultry ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Avian Influenza H9n2

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and H5N8 have become endemic among domestic poultry in Egypt since 2006 and 2016, respectively. In parallel, the low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus has been endemic since 2010. Despite the continuous circulation of these subtypes for several years, no natural reassortant has been detected so far among the domestic poultry population in Egypt. In this study, the HPAI (H5N2) virus was isolated from a commercial duck farm, giving evidence of the emergence of the first natural reassortment event in domestic poultry in Egypt. The virus was derived as a result of genetic reassortment between avian influenza viruses of H5N8 and H9N2 subtypes circulating in Egypt. The exchange of the neuraminidase segment and high number of acquired mutations might be associated with an alteration in the biological propensities of this virus.

scholarly journals Genetic Characteristics of Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Birds in South Korea, 2019–2020

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Eun-Jee Na ◽  
Young-Sik Kim ◽  
Sook-Young Lee ◽  
Yoon-Ji Kim ◽  
Jun-Soo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Basic Amino Acid ◽  
Histopathological Change ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
Genetic Characteristics

Wild aquatic birds, a natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), transmit AIVs to poultry farms, causing huge economic losses. Therefore, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of AIVs isolated from wild birds in South Korea from October 2019 to March 2020 were investigated and analyzed. Fresh avian fecal samples (3256) were collected by active monitoring of 11 wild bird habitats. Twenty-eight AIVs were isolated. Seven HA and eight NA subtypes were identified. All AIV hosts were Anseriformes species. The HA cleavage site of 20 representative AIVs was encoded by non-multi-basic amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the eight segment genes of the AIVs showed that most genes clustered within the Eurasian lineage. However, the HA gene of H10 viruses and NS gene of four viruses clustered within the American lineage, indicating intercontinental reassortment of AIVs. Representative viruses likely to infect mammals were selected and evaluated for pathogenicity in mice. JB21-58 (H5N3), JB42-93 (H9N2), and JB32-81 (H11N2) were isolated from the lungs, but JB31-69 (H11N9) was not isolated from the lungs until the end of the experiment at 14 dpi. None of infected mice showed clinical sign and histopathological change in the lung. In addition, viral antigens were not detected in lungs of all mice at 14 dpi. These data suggest that LPAIVs derived from wild birds are unlikely to be transmitted to mammals. However, because LPAIVs can reportedly infect mammals, including humans, continuous surveillance and monitoring of AIVs are necessary, despite their low pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Josanne H. Verhagen ◽  
Ron A. M. Fouchier ◽  
Nicola Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Domestic Bird ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Host Identification

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.

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