Coagulation and Endothelial Dysfunction Associated with NAFLD: Current Status and Therapeutic Implications

Diabetes is a worldwide health issue closely associated with cardiovascular events. Given the pandemic of obesity, the identification of the basic underpinnings of vascular disease is strongly needed. Emerging evidence has suggested that endothelial dysfunction is a critical step in the progression of atherosclerosis. However, how diabetes affects the endothelium is poorly understood. Experimental and clinical studies have illuminated the tight link between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. In addition, macrophage polarization from M2 towards M1 contributes to the process of endothelial damage. The possibility that novel classes of anti-hyperglycemic agents exert beneficial effects on the endothelial function and macrophage polarization has been raised. In this review, we discuss the current status of knowledge regarding the pathological significance of insulin signaling in endothelium. Finally, we summarize recent therapeutic strategies against endothelial dysfunction with an emphasis on macrophage polarity.

Download Full-text

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Endothelial Cells in Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/atvbaha.117.309291 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (11) ◽

pp. 2038-2042 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ivan Carcamo-Orive ◽

Ngan F. Huang ◽

Thomas Quertermous ◽

Joshua W. Knowles

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Endothelial Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽

Current Status ◽

Insulin Resistant ◽

Induced Pluripotent ◽

Clinical Phenotyping

Insulin resistance leads to a number of metabolic and cellular abnormalities including endothelial dysfunction that increase the risk of vascular disease. Although it has been particularly challenging to study the genetic determinants that predispose to abnormal function of the endothelium in insulin-resistant states, the possibility of deriving endothelial cells from induced pluripotent stem cells generated from individuals with detailed clinical phenotyping, including accurate measurements of insulin resistance accompanied by multilevel omic data (eg, genetic and genomic characterization), has opened new avenues to study this relationship. Unfortunately, several technical barriers have hampered these efforts. In the present review, we summarize the current status of induced pluripotent stem cell–derived endothelial cells for modeling endothelial dysfunction associated with insulin resistance and discuss the challenges to overcoming these limitations.

Download Full-text

Psychomotor Retardation in Depression: A Systematic Review of Diagnostic, Pathophysiologic, and Therapeutic Implications

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/158746 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Djamila Bennabi ◽

Pierre Vandel ◽

Charalambos Papaxanthis ◽

Thierry Pozzo ◽

Emmanuel Haffen

Keyword(s):

Mood Disorders ◽

Bipolar Depression ◽

Psychomotor Retardation ◽

Current Status ◽

Central Feature ◽

Therapeutic Implications ◽

Functional Deficits ◽

Diagnostic Management ◽

Depressive Subtypes ◽

The Individual

Psychomotor retardation is a central feature of depression which includes motor and cognitive impairments. Effective management may be useful to improve the classification of depressive subtypes and treatment selection, as well as prediction of outcome in patients with depression. The aim of this paper was to review the current status of knowledge regarding psychomotor retardation in depression, in order to clarify its role in the diagnostic management of mood disorders. Retardation modifies all the actions of the individual, including motility, mental activity, and speech. Objective assessments can highlight the diagnostic importance of psychomotor retardation, especially in melancholic and bipolar depression. Psychomotor retardation is also related to depression severity and therapeutic change and could be considered a good criterion for the prediction of therapeutic effect. The neurobiological process underlying the inhibition of activity includes functional deficits in the prefrontal cortex and abnormalities in dopamine neurotransmission. Future investigations of psychomotor retardation should help improve the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying mood disorders and contribute to improving their therapeutic management.

Download Full-text